Tuesday, February 15, 2005

What kinds of clothing styles do you like to wear ?

Hip-hop Fashions


Teenagers who listen to the same music often have a common "look." One hot style in music and fashion is hip-hop. Hip-hop is a type of urban music with a heavy beat. The lyrics are very important in this music. Hip-hop fashions are large or loose-fitting street clothes.
The style includes baggy jeans, sweatshirts, hiking boots, and baseball caps(usually worn backward). However, teens add other clothing items like flannel shirts, jackets with sports logos, and athletic shoes. In the hip-hop style, boys and girls dress the same.

African American kids in Detroit and Chicago first made hip-hop fashions popular - they wore baggy street clothes to dance clubs. Then North American and European bands also began wearing this style. These bands influenced on another's music and clothing. This mixture made hip-hop into an international fashion sensation.

Hip-hop is now a teen fashion from Britain to Korea. Melanie Borrow, 17, of Manchester, England, says, "My pride and joy in life are my Levi's jeans." In Korea, hip-hop is replacing the usual outfit for teenage girls: blouses and skirts with cartoon characters on them. And in the United States, teens spend a lot of money on hip-hop fashions. David Bowen, 17, of Evanston, Illinois, have five pairs of hiking boots at $100 each. Bowen says, "They're popular because a lot of hip-hop performers wear them. They even rap about them."

Merilyn Monroe

Marilyn Monroe personified Hollywood glamour with an unparalleled glow and energy that enamored the world. Although she was an alluring beauty with voluptuous curves and a generous pout, Marilyn was more than a '50s sex goddess. Her apparent vulnerability and innocence, in combination with an innate sensuality, has endeared her to the global consciousness. She dominated the age of movie stars to become, without question, the most famous woman of the 20th Century.

She was born Norma Jeane Mortenson on June 1, 1926 in Los Angeles, California, to Gladys Baker. As the identity of her father is undetermined, she was later baptized Norma Jeane Baker. Gladys had been a film cutter at RKO studios, but psychological problems prevented her from keeping the job and she was eventually committed to a mental institution.

Norma Jeane spent most of her childhood in foster homes and orphanages until 1937, when she moved in with family friend Grace McKee Goddard. Unfortunately, when Grace's husband was transferred to the East Coast in 1942, the couple couldn't afford to take 16-year-old Norma Jeane with them. Norma Jeane had two options: return to the orphanage or get married.

On June 19, 1942 she wed her 21-year-old neighbor Jimmy Dougherty, whom she had been dating for six months. "She was a sweet, generous and religious girl," Jimmy said. "She liked to be cuddled." By all accounts Norma Jeane loved Jimmy, and they were happy together until he joined the Merchant Marines and was sent to the South Pacific in 1944.

After Jimmy left, Norma Jeane took a job on the assembly line at the Radio Plane Munitions factory in Burbank, California. Several months later, photographer David Conover saw her while taking pictures of women contributing to the war effort for Yank magazine. He couldn't believe his luck. She was a "photographer's dream." Conover used her for the shoot and then began sending modeling jobs her way. The camera loved Norma Jeane, and within two years she was a reputable model with many popular magazine covers to her credit. She began studying the work of legendary actresses Jean Harlow and Lana Turner, and enrolled in drama classes with dreams of stardom. However, Jimmy's return in 1946 meant Norma Jeane had to make another choice- this time between her marriage and her career.

Norma Jeane divorced Jimmy in June of 1946, and signed her first studio contract with Twentieth Century Fox on August 26, 1946. She earned $125 a week. Soon after, Norma Jeane dyed her hair blonde and changed her name to Marilyn Monroe (borrowing her grandmother's last name). The rest, as the saying goes, is history.

Marilyn's first movie role was a bit part in 1947's The Shocking Miss Pilgrim. She played a series of inconsequential characters until 1950, when John Huston's thriller The Asphalt Jungle provided her with a small but influential role. Later that year, Marilyn's performance as Claudia Caswell in All About Eve (starring Bette Davis) earned her further praise. From then on Marilyn worked steadily in movies such as: Let's Make It Legal, As Young As You Feel, Monkey Business and Don't Bother to Knock. It was her performance in 1953's Niagara, however, that delivered her to stardom. Marilyn played Rose Loomis, a beautiful young wife who plots to kill her older, jealous husband (Joseph Cotten).

Marilyn's success in Niagara was followed with lead roles in the wildly popular Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (co-starring Jane Russell) and How to Marry a Millionaire (co-starring Lauren Bacall and Betty Grable). Photoplay magazine voted Marilyn the Best New Actress of 1953, and at 27 years old she was undeniably the best-loved blonde bombshell in Hollywood.

On January 14, 1954, Marilyn married baseball superstar Joe DiMaggio at San Francisco's City Hall. They had been a couple for two years, after Joe asked his agent to arrange a dinner date. "I don't know if I'm in love with him yet," Marilyn said when the press got word of their relationship, "but I know I like him more than any man I've ever met." During their Tokyo honeymoon, Marilyn took time to perform for the service men stationed in Korea. Her presence caused a near-riot among the troops, and Joe was clearly uncomfortable with thousands of men ogling his new bride.

Unfortunately, Marilyn's fame and sexual image became a theme that haunted their marriage. Nine months later on October 27, 1954, Marilyn and Joe divorced. They attributed the split to a "conflict of careers," and remained close friends.

Marilyn was ready to shed her "shallow blonde" image by 1955. It had gotten her into the spotlight, but now that she had the opportunity and experience, Marilyn wanted to pursue serious acting. She took a hiatus from Hollywood and moved to New York City to study under Lee Strasberg at his Actors' Studio. In 1956, Marilyn started her own motion picture company, Marilyn Monroe Productions. The company produced Bus Stop and The Prince and the Showgirl (co-starring Sir Laurence Olivier). These two films allowed her to demonstrate her talent and versatility as an actress. Marilyn received further recognition for 1959's Some Like It Hot, winning a Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy.

On June 29, 1956, Marilyn wed playwright Arthur Miller. The couple met through Lee Strasberg, and friends reported she made him "giddy." While they were married, Arthur wrote the part of Roslyn Taber in 1961's The Misfits especially for Marilyn. The movie co-starred Clark Gable and Montgomery Clift. Sadly, the marriage between Marilyn and Arthur ended on January 20, 1961, and The Misfits was to be Marilyn's (and Gable's) last completed film.

At the 1962 Golden Globes, Marilyn was named female World Film Favorite, once again demonstrating her widespread appeal.

Sadly, in a shocking turn of events on the early morning of August 5, 1962, 36-year-old Marilyn died in her sleep at her Brentwood, California home. The world was stunned. Marilyn's vibrant spirit and beauty made it impossible to believe she was gone. On August 8, 1962, Marilyn's body was laid to rest in the Corridor of Memories, #24, at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.

During her career, Marilyn made 30 films and left one, Something's Got to Give, unfinished. She was more than just a movie star or glamour queen. A global sensation in her lifetime, Marilyn's popularity has extended beyond star status to icon. Today, the name "Marilyn Monroe" is synonymous with beauty, sensuality and effervescence. She remains an inspiration to all who strive to overcome personal obstacles for the goal of achieving greatness.

topics 19 :

bussiness word and peyment

words18:

pensive:
adjective
thinking about something a lot, especially when this makes you seem worried or a little sad:
• She appeared pensive and uneasy after the visit.
• a pensive mood

pensively adverb

melancholy:
adjective
sad or making you feel sad:
• a secretive, melancholy man
• the melancholy tone of the poem

longing:
noun [singular,U]
a strong feeling of wanting something or someone:
• The piece lacks the desperate longing of the composer's other works. [+ for]:
• a longing for home


resentful:
adjective
feeling angry and upset about something that you think is unfair [+ of/about etc.]:
• Father was bitterly resentful of the praise given to Mr. Foerster.resentfully adverb
resentfulness noun [U]

disgust:
noun [U]
1 the feeling you have when you are annoyed or upset because a situation or someone's behavior is completely unacceptable [+ with]:
• The voters have expressed their disgust with the way Congress handles public money. [+ at]:
• Meg tried to hide her disgust at what she had just heard.:
• Barber walked out of the meeting in disgust.
• To my disgust, I found that there were no nonsmoking tables available.


2 a very strong feeling of dislike that almost makes you sick because something is so bad:
• Lula's face was twisted with disgust as she remembered the rape.

dread:
verb
[T] to feel anxious about or afraid of something, especially something in the future:
• The icy weather had citrus growers dreading the effects of frost. [dread doing sth]:
• I dread spending time with Sue because she's such an angry person.:
• I dread to think (= I do not want to think about it because I think it will be bad) what might happen if he gets elected.



hit off:

lump in your throat:
3 bring a lump to sb's throat to make someone feel as if they want to cry:
• Martin's speech at the funeral brought a lump to my throat.
bottle off:

idioms 18:

jumb at a chance:
jump at sth phrasal verb [T]
to eagerly accept an opportunity to do something:
• Michael jumped at the chance to teach in Barcelona.

strike while the iron is hot:
to do something immediately rather than waiting until a later time when you are less likely to succeed


Leave something/nothing to chance to :
take no action and wait to see what happens, or to make sure you have done everything to make something happen the way you want:
• The producers of the show left nothing to chance.

topics in class:

mothers and job:

colloqual answer:

word in class 18:

second
adjective Spoken: 1000 • Written: 1000
1 2nd; the person, thing, event etc. after the first one:
• Amy's in her second year of grad school.
• His character dies during the second act of the play.
• King's second novel became a bestseller.

2 the second-largest/second-fastest/second-best etc. the one next in rank after the largest, the fastest etc.:
• the second-largest city in the state3 a second chance/opinion/look etc. another chance, opinion etc. in addition to the usual one:
• The program for teen mothers gives them a second chance to finish high school.
• Most insurance companies ask you to get a second opinion before having major medical treatment.

4 be second only to sth to be the most important, most common, best etc. thing, except for one other particular thing:
• Breast cancer is second only to lung cancer in U.S. cancer-related deaths.
5 have second thoughts (about sth) to have doubts about a decision you have made:
• Stan was having second thoughts about marrying Julie.
6 on second thought SPOKEN used to say that you have changed your opinion or decision about something:
• On second thought, I don't think I'll wear this jacket.
7 not give sth a second thought to not think or worry about something at all:
• Most people just drive around and don't give the environment a second thought.
8 without a second thought if you do something without a second thought, you do it without worrying about it at all:
• Those people would have killed him without a second thought.
9 be second to none to be the best:
• His musical technique is second to none.
10 second home/car etc. another home, car etc. besides the one you use most of the time
11 second best something that is not as good as the best:
• We shouldn't have to settle for second best (= accept something that is not as good as the best).

12 second wind if you get your second wind, you begin to feel less tired than before, especially when playing a sport, doing physical work etc.
13 every second year/day/thing etc. the second, then the fourth, then the sixth etc. year, day, or thing:
• The committee meets every second Monday.
second
noun Spoken: 1000 • Written: 1000
1 [C] a unit for measuring time that is equal to 1/60 of a minute:
• Heat the sauce in the microwave for 45 seconds.
• It should only take four or five seconds to transfer the data.

2 [C] a very short period of time:
• I'll be ready in a few seconds.
• Hold still, this will only take a second.
• He should be here any second (= in a very short time).
• The whole thing was over in seconds (= after a few seconds).
• At least 30 shots were fired in a matter of seconds (= in a very short time).
--see also SPLIT SECOND
3 just a second SPOKEN used to tell someone to wait a short time:
• "Are you coming?" "Just a second - I have to put my shoes on."
4 seconds [plural]
a) another serving of the same food after you have eaten your first serving:
• Are you going back for seconds?
b) clothes or other goods that are sold cheaply in stores because they are not perfect
5 [U] INFORMAL see: SECOND BASE

second
[adverb]
1 next after the first one:
• finish second/come in second: Alice finished second in the 100-meter dash.
2 [sentence adverb] used to add another piece of information to what you have already said or written; SECONDLY:
• Well, first of all, it's too expensive and second, we don't have anywhere to put it.
second
pronoun
1 the second
a) the next thing on a list etc. after the first one:
• A third reason for rejecting the plan, closely related to the second, is the effect on the environment.
Maria's birthday is on the second (= the 2nd day of the month).
2 the Second ABBREVIATION II used after the name of a king, queen, pope etc. who has the same name as someone who held that position in the past:
• Pope John Paul the Second (= written as "Pope John Paul II")
Second:
verb [T]
1 to formally support a suggestion or plan made by another person in a meeting:
• second a motion/proposal etc.: The motion to purchase a new copier was seconded by Ms. Green.
2 I'll second that SPOKEN used to say that you completely agree with what someone has just said:
• "I could use a cold drink right now." "I'll second that!"

Saturday, February 12, 2005

Sunday, February 06, 2005

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

Americans Come From Everywhere
In a country as large and dynamic as the United States, nationalities and races mix. People are individuals; they don't always act or think in predictable ways as members of groups. For convenience, however, we'll classify Americans according to several factors. The first is race: European (White), African (Black), Asian or Native American (American Indian). But even this is not a perfect classification system, since Hispanic Americans (those with a Spanish language background) can also be white, black or even part Native American.


Native Americans

Approximately 1% of the people living in the United States can be considered Native Americans, the term now preferred over the inaccurate Indians. Hundreds of Native American tribes, all speaking different languages, lived in North America before the coming of the "White Man," a term referring to settlers who came from Europe. Over the first few centuries of European exploration and settlement of North America, Native American people were either uprooted or else through war and disease wiped out by the whites. Despite this, hundreds of individual Native American nations survive on Indian reservations. Many of these tribes have a legal status separate from that of the United States. In some cases, Native Americans tribes have been able to use their special status to run businesses such as gambling casinos that, depending upon the American state involved, may be illegal for other Americans to run. Some tribes issue their own passports and driver's licenses. Members of some tribes hold American as well as tribal citizenship. In addition to the peoples formerly called "Indians," the term Native Americans also includes ethnic Hawaiians and Alaskan Eskimos and Inuit

"White" People
The bulk of the early settlers to the United States came from the British Isles: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. From early on, large numbers of German and Scandinavian immigrants came to America, and Irish immigration was heavy starting in the 1840's. In the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth, great numbers of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, including many Jews from these countries, came to the United States, moving into communities all over the country. These people of European background came to form the white, English-speaking majority of the American population.


"Black" People
English-speaking settlers, especially in the southern states, brought in large number of slaves from Africa during the first two centuries of American history. The descendants of these slaves, as well as some immigrants from Africa, South America and the West Indies, form the black or African-American minority, traditionally considered to comprise one out of nine Americans. Former terms for African-Americans (which are not considered insulting but which are out of favor), are colored and Negro. After the Civil War (1861-1865), which resulted in freedom for the slaves, many African-Americans moved to major cities all over the United States. African-Americans have suffered racial discrimination throughout American history. While race relations have improved in many areas of the United States, racial conflicts -- like the 1992 Los Angeles riots -- make news regularly. Despite headlines about race problems, however, it is important to remember that all over America, white, black, Asian and Hispanic Americans live and work together in relative peace and stability.

"Hispanic" People

The term "Hispanic" refers loosely to Americans descended from immigrants from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba and other Latin American countries, all of which have very different heritages, but which share the Spanish language. At least 11.5% all Americans are of Hispanic heritage, and the proportion is growing. The term "Chicano" refers to Mexican-Americans, mainly in Texas, California and the Southwest, areas of the United States that were once part of Mexico. In some major cities, it is common to see signs or even government documents printed in both English and Spanish. Cities such as Miami, Florida and San Antonio, Texas operate on nearly a completely bilingual basis, while others such as New York and Los Angeles have large, vital Spanish-speaking communities.


"Asians"
Asians comprise a small portion of the American population, though the number is growing with steady present-day immigration. The largest groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from China, Japan, Korea, India, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines (formerly an American possession). While many Asians live in their own communities (like New York's immense Chinatown), people from all these groups are also mixed into the general American population

"Minorities"
The term "minority group" has different meanings depending on context. When used by the American government on official forms or for official purposes, it means all non-white (meaning non-European) people: African, Hispanic, Asian and Native Americans. In popular usage, especially when it involves problems of poverty and the inner cities, the term refers only to blacks and Hispanics.

HERO WORSHIP

Hero Worship
by Marie T. Russell

Hero worship has existed "forever"... it seems that humans have a need to worship someone or something "greater than" themselves. Whether we choose to worship an external God figure (like a saint), or a hero figure from a comic strip or movie, or the movie stars themselves, the concept is the same. We look up to someone else, someone other than ourselves, as "better than us" or "higher" than we are in our esteem and opinion.

Webster's has two definitions for hero. One which is similar to the concept mentioned above, and that is: a man of great courage, nobility, etc., or one admired for his exploits.

However, Webster's has a second definition for hero, and this is the one I'd like us to consider: the central male character in a novel, play, etc. (heroine is defined as a girl or woman hero in life or literature). For the sake of our discussion, let's consider the word hero as applying to both males and females.

So a hero is the central figure in a play... Being that, as Shakespeare so well put it in "As You Like It",

All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts...

then, we are all heroes, or central figures in our own play. We are the players on the stage of our life. Yet, many of us insist on living our lives as if we are a Cinderella type of main character... you know the one who is looked down upon, despised, taken advantage of, not loved, not appreciated, etc. etc. Yet if we are the hero, then we can take charge of the situation and plunge ahead and make changes -- we can rescue the fair maiden or lost soul and raise them (lost parts of ourselves) to a better life.

I saw a movie recently which raised several issues concerning heroes. The movie was Unbreakable with Bruce Willis and Samuel L. Jackson. In this movie, Bruce Willis discovers that he is a modern day hero, a superman if you will. However, what was clear to me after watching this movie, is that he only became a superhero or a super-person after accepting that this was indeed true and possible. He had to first accept the possibility of this being true for him and then be willing to experience it.

In the same way, in our own lives, we must first accept the possibility that we too are a super hero or a super-person before being able to make it come true. Just like Cinderella who had first to be willing to go to the ball to discover her Prince Charming, so we too need to first be willing to step out of the dungeon of our negative thoughts and expectations to meet our "dream life"... the life we have dreamed of, but which cannot become reality until we accept that it is indeed possible and real.

Who is the hero in your own life? If your hero is someone outside of yourself, then you have given your power away to someone else. If you are waiting for someone else to make a difference in your life (to rescue you, to save you, to make your life better, to make you whole), then you are wasting your time. No one but you can make your dreams come true.

The question that comes up after seeing Unbreakable is that how would anyone know they were a hero or had superhuman powers if they didn't try... How will you know you can fly if you don't take a leap? (I'm not suggesting you try this now... this is figurative.) But, the question remains, how will you know you can succeed at something is you don't give it a try? How will you know you can drag yourself out of the depths of your despair if you don't try? How do you know you won't get that new job is you don't apply? How do you know...

Before becoming a success at anything, you must take that first step. Yet many of us, convinced of our failure, don't even take that first step... we don't take the leap into the abyss of the unknown. One of my favorite images from a movie is when Harrison Ford steps into the abyss in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. He doesn't see the bridge, but "knows" and trusts that it is there. And it is only when he has taken the first step -- the step that will put him on the bridge, or falling into the abyss if the bridge is not there -- that he sees the proof that the bridge is indeed a reality. Only when is he willing to take the risk does he become a hero. If he had not been willing to believe his intuition or his "inner knowledge" he would have stayed on the edge of the abyss cowering at the "impossibility" of the feat in front of him.

How many times do we stay at the edge of the abysses in our life, cowering with fear because we don't see the solution? Rather than take a deep breath and step into the unknown, we stay securely attached to our security blanket, to our present reality, to our comfort zone. Rather than trust that the future will bring us something, anything, better than what we have now, we choose instead to hang on to what we have, even if what we have "ain't so hot".

In "Field of Dreams" (I'm in a movie state of mind right now as you can tell), Kevin Costner plays a hero role -- one in which he must take his existence in his own hands, and even in the face of ridicule and doubts, forge ahead after his own dream, trusting that his "inner vision" is indeed the one he must believe in. "Build it and they will come." Build your dream, follow your wildest hopes and aspirations, trust in yourself, and the vision will manifest. Be willing to step off the cliff of your fears, of your upbringing, or your limitations. Jump into your future with your dreams in one hand and your faith in life in the other. Know that the Universe will always bring you something better if you are willing to trust it and "forge ahead". So often, we choose to stay behind because it is safe -- or at least it seems safer.

Yet, as the hero in our own life, we can't stay behind, we can't wait for someone else to rescue the "underling", we can't close the door and hope it all takes care of itself. If there is something in our life we are not happy with, then we have to take a step forward toward creating the life we want for ourselves.

Complaining without taking action will not change anything. You never hear a hero complain about a situation and then sit back and hope it changes miraculously. No! A hero (which you are) may complain at the "bad hand of cards" they've been dealt, but then goes out to play the best he can with the cards, and if that doesn't work, to see if there is another way around the situation. A hero never gives up. A hero keeps on, past adversity, past losses, past apparent defeat, and keeps on until the situation is resolved.

We are the heroes in our own lives. We have to pull ourselves up and do what it takes to make a difference in our own lives, and in the lives of the people around us, and in the life of this planet. The time is over when we waited around for some other hero to rescue us... All heroes are busy in their own lives. We must come to our own rescue. As the Lone Ranger (another famous hero) would say, hi-ho Silver! And away we go!

Saturday, February 05, 2005

MEDITATION

Another relaxation technique is meditation. In meditation, people try to relax both the mind and the body. In many forms of meditation, people begin by sitting comfortably on a cushion or chair. Then they gradually relax their body, begin to breathe slowly, and concentrate on a sensation—such as the inhaling and exhaling of breath—or on an image or object. In Transcendental Meditation, a person does not try to concentrate on anything, but merely sits in a quiet atmosphere and repeats a mantra (a specially chosen word) to try to achieve a state of restful alertness.

IDIOMS 16

have eyes in the back of your head to know what is happening all around you, even when this might seem impossible:
• You need to have eyes in the back of your head to be a teacher.


on the ball
INFORMAL thinking or acting quickly and intelligently:
• A photographer who was on the ball got some great pictures of the incident.


catch sb's eye
a) to attract someone's attention and make them look at something:
• All of a sudden, something red caught Barb's eye.b) to look at someone at the same moment that they are looking at you:
• I caught Ben's eye in the rear-view mirror and knew what he was thinking.


have a (good) eye for sth to be good at noticing and recognizing what is attractive, valuable, of good quality etc.:
• Greene has an eye for detail.


not see the forest(wood) for the trees to be unable to understand something because you are looking too much at small details rather than the whole thing

VOCABULARY 16

NOTE:
noun Spoken: 1000 • Written: 2000
1 SHORT LETTER [C] a short informal letter:
• I was going to write Keisha a note, but I decided to call her instead.
• Mom left a note on the counter telling us she'd gone to the store.
• The kids are old enough now to write their own thank-you notes (= a note to thank someone for a present etc.).
2 TO REMIND YOU [C] something that you write down to remind you of something:
• There were notes on little yellow Post-Its stuck all over the report.
• Marina spoke without using any notes.
• Tina made a note of their new address.

3 MUSIC [C]
a) a particular musical sound or PITCH:
• high/low note: Her singing, including lots of difficult high notes, was strong and beautiful.b) a sign in written music that represents this
4 notes [plural] information that a student writes down during a class, from a book etc., so they will remember it:
• Can I borrow your lecture notes?
• I read the first three chapters and took notes (= wrote notes).

5 VOICE [singular] if there is a particular note in someone's voice, they show what they are thinking or feeling by the way their voice sounds:
• There was a strained note in Fischer's normally relaxed voice. [+ of]:
• "Can you help me?" she asked, a note of hope in her voice.

6 PARTICULAR QUALITY [singular] something that adds a particular quality to a situation, statement, or event:
• She ended her speech on a personal note, telling how the war had affected her family. [+ of]:• Councilman Buschman brought a note of realism to the debate.:
• strike/hit a
note: Burke struck a pessimistic note, saying the deadline may not be met.
• the right/wrong note (= an appropriate or inappropriate quality for a particular occasion)7 take note to pay careful attention to something:
• Saarela made the music world take note. [+ of]:• Take note of how much water goes through your meter in 60 seconds.8 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION [C] a short piece of writing at the bottom of a page or at the end of a book, that gives more information about something written in the main part:
• Additional sources are listed in the notes at the back of the book. --see also FOOTNOTE (1)9 sb/sth of note important, interesting, or famous:
• The school has produced several architects of note.10 worthy/deserving of note important or interesting and deserving to be noticed:
• Three Latin American novels are especially worthy of note.11 GOVERNMENT LETTER [C] TECHNICAL a formal letter between governments:
• a diplomatic note12 MONEY [C] a BILL (= piece of paper money) worth a particular amount of money --see also compare notes (with sb) (COMPARE1 (4))




LODDES:



DETECT:

verb [T]
to notice or discover something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear etc.:
• Many forms of cancer can be cured if detected early.
• Though the yellow tomatoes are pretty, I couldn't detect much difference in flavor.
detectable adjective



NOTIFICATION:
noun [C,U] FORMAL
an act of officially informing someone about something [+ of]:
• You should receive notification of the results within a week.


OBSERVANT:

adjective
1 good or quick at noticing things:
• Police are trained to be observant and to remember detail.2 obeying laws, religious rules etc.:
• observant Muslims

PRECEPTIVE:


adjective APPROVING
good at noticing and understanding what is happening or what other people are thinking or feeling:
• a perceptive observer of the political scene
• perceptive comments

perceptively adverb
perceptiveness noun [U]



PHONE CALL Posted by Hello

MERCY KILL

Mercy Killing, also known as euthanasia, ending the life of an incurably ill person to save the individual from further pain and suffering. It can involve the withdrawal of extraordinary means of supporting life, such as high-technology equipment or intravenous feeding, or the active administration of a drug to induce death. To various degrees, the practice is legally approved in many states and countries.


Euthanasia, practice of mercifully ending a person’s life in order to release the person from an incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. The word euthanasia derives from the Greek for “good death” and originally referred to intentional mercy killing. When medical advances made prolonging the lives of dying or comatose patients possible, the term euthanasia was also applied to a lack of action to prevent death.


Active euthanasia involves painlessly putting individuals to death for merciful reasons, as when a doctor administers a lethal dose of medication to a patient. Passive euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent death, as when doctors refrain from using an artificial respirator to keep alive a terminally ill patient.

In voluntary euthanasia, a person asks to die (by either active or passive euthanasia). Nonvoluntary euthanasia refers to ending the life of a person who is not mentally competent to make an informed request to die, such as a comatose patient.

Euthanasia differs from assisted suicide, in which a patient voluntarily brings about his or her own death with the assistance of another person, typically a physician. In this case, the act is a suicide (intentional self-inflicted death), because the patient actually causes his or her own death.


Euthanasia has been accepted in some forms by various groups or societies throughout history. In ancient Greece and Rome helping others die or putting them to death was considered permissible in some situations. For example, in the Greek city of Sparta newborns with severe birth defects were put to death. Voluntary euthanasia for the elderly was an approved custom in several ancient societies. However, as Christianity developed and grew powerful in the West, euthanasia became morally and ethically abhorrent and was viewed as a violation of God’s gift of life. Today most branches of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam condemn active euthanasia, although some permit restricted forms of passive euthanasia.

Following traditional religious principles, Western laws have generally treated the act of assisting someone in dying as a form of punishable homicide (unlawful killing). However, in modern times laws have become more secular. Those who wish to legalize euthanasia have argued that, under principles of individual liberty (such as those expressed in the Constitution of the United States), individuals have a legal right to die as they choose. Most countries (including the United States), however, have not fully adopted this position and retain restrictions on euthanasia.

The first organizations to promote the legalization of voluntary euthanasia in the United States and Great Britain formed in the 1930s. For several decades these organizations remained small and had little impact. However, in the late 1970s the pro-euthanasia movement gained significant momentum after a highly publicized incident in the United States. In 1975 a 21-year-old woman named Karen Ann Quinlan suffered a respiratory arrest that resulted in severe and irreversible brain damage and left her in a coma. Several months later, after doctors informed them that their daughter’s recovery was extremely unlikely, Quinlan’s parents requested that artificial means of life support be removed. The hospital refused this request.

After a lengthy legal battle, in 1976 the Quinlans obtained a court order allowing them to remove the artificial respirator that was thought to be keeping their daughter alive. The New Jersey Supreme Court ruled that the Quinlans could disconnect the device so that the patient could “die with dignity.” This decision spawned increased discussion of the scope of patients’ rights to control their death. (Although the respirator was removed in 1976, Quinlan began to breathe on her own. She lived until 1985 without ever regaining consciousness.)

In the early 1990s the decision of Nancy B. v. Hotel-Dieu de Quebec in Canada played a similar role in promoting public awareness of the issues surrounding euthanasia. In this case, a young woman paralyzed as a result of the rare disease known as Guillain-Barré syndrome wished to have the artificial breathing mechanism that kept her alive disconnected. Concluding that such refusal of treatment was permissible, in January 1992 a Québec superior court judge authorized the woman’s physician to remove the respirator.

As laws have evolved from their traditional religious underpinnings, certain forms of euthanasia have been legally accepted. In general, laws attempt to draw a line between passive euthanasia (generally associated with allowing a person to die) and active euthanasia (generally associated with killing a person). While laws commonly permit passive euthanasia, active euthanasia is typically prohibited


Assisted Suicide, a person’s voluntary suicide with help from another individual. A suicide is an intentional, self-caused death. Individuals who elect to kill themselves with the assistance of another person typically have an incurable illness or are experiencing extreme physical suffering.

The term assisted suicide may also refer to the act of providing an individual with the means to commit suicide, knowing that the recipient plans to use these means to end his or her own life. If a doctor provides medications or other means of committing suicide with the understanding that a patient may intentionally use them to end his or her own life, this action is referred to as physician-assisted suicide. The remainder of this article deals primarily with physician-assisted suicide.