A- use suitable tenses for the verbs in the brackets
B- fill in the gaps with an appropriate verb using suitable tenses.
C- study these sentences and choose the alternative which is correct or more likely.
D- in the following sentences decide whether active or passive forms are needed.
E - complete these sentences with your own idea , using a to-infinitive , bare infinitive or ing- infinitive.
G- write the appropriate in each space.
1- you have to pay the tickets in advance.
you have to pay forthe tickets in advance.
2-psychologist point the importance for children of having contact with both parants.
psychologist point at the importance for children of having contact with both parants.
3- is there a possibility to find a cure for AIDS?
is there a possibility for finding a cure for AIDS?
4- i have more possibility to travel than my parents did.
i have more opportunity to travel than my parents did.
5-your advertisement doesn't precise whether flights are included in the price.
your advertisement doesn't explain whether flights are included in the price.
6-he promised to his mom he would clean his room.
he promised his mom he would clean his room.
7- I decided to accept the job proposal.
I decided to accept the job offer.
8-as you don't have much time, I propose you fly to paris.
as you don't have much time, I suggest you fly to paris.
9- could you provide us a list of hotels in the area?
could you provide us with a list of hotels in the area?
10-we weren't allowed to make any questions.
we weren't allowed to ask any questions.
11-the project has now reached to the final stage.
the project has now reached the final stage.
12-i wrote a letter to require more information.
i wrote a letter to ask for more information.
13-the price of gas is raising.
the price of gas is rising.
14- we had seat at the back row
we had seat in the back row
1. For three days the wind blew hard and strong, but on the fourth day it died down.
2. I thought John and Mary were happy, but they recently got a divorce; how did it come about?
3. My old car has a very bad engine; it will probably break down and need repairs.
4. If you want to get ahead in life, you have to work hard and save your money.
5. His poor clothes really stood out at the meeting because everyone else was wearing a suit and tie.
6. Since you don’t have a car or motorcycle, how do you get around?
7. Our plans for a trip to Europe fell through because we hadn’t saved enough money for the plane tickets.
8. Please hold on; I’d like to ask a question before you continue your lecture.
9. He told me all of his marriage problems, from beginning to end; he really opened up.
10. Because several students didn’t understand the teacher’s ideas, many questions came up.
11. While I was talking, Tom broke in to tell me that he disagreed.
12. After I spent two hours trying to explain the difficult idea, John finally caught on.
13. While his friends were playing football, poor Joe, who had a broken leg, could only look on
14. At first the students in my class were too noisy, but eventually they settled down to work.
15. It’s already 10 o’clock and Bill hasn’t come yet; if he doesn’t show up soon, our meeting will fall through.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
III. EXPLANATION OF THE IDIOMS
You probably have a good idea what each idiom means by now. Study the following explanations so that you can understand them completely.
1. to die down – to become more quiet; to diminish, to subside
Usual subjects; feelings (excitement, nervousness, anger, love/hatred); natural events (storm, wind, fire); sounds (music, voices, noises).
My anger at him has died down since he apologized to me.
After the storm, the strong winds died down .
The loud music died down after the police came.
2. to come about – to happen, to occur, to be caused
Usual subjects: events (accident, death, failure/success, defeat); situations (problem, discussion, argument).
This idiom is most often used in a How-question, when we want to know the cause of something.
How did the automobile accident come about?
His success came about after he started working harder.
The argument came about because they were talking about politics.
3. to stand out – to be noticeable, to be prominent, to be clearly seen
Usual subjects: color, tone, figure, shape; people
With this subject, there is a contrast with something else.
A very tall man wearing a big hat stood out in the crowd of people.
The large black letters on this small white sign really stand out .
Joe is so intelligent that he stands out in class.
4. to break down – to fail to function, to stop working properly.
Usual subjects: machines (typewriter, engine, air-conditioning);
Vehicles (car, truck, plane, train, etc).
The travelers were delayed because the bus had broken down .
It would be very regrettable if the air conditioning broke down on a very hot day.
5. to fall through – to fail to occur, not to happen
Usual subjects: plan, project, arrangement, agreement, contract.
If your new contract agreement falls through , the workers in your company will go on strike.
The plan for a new part fell through because no citizen wanted higher taxes.
The project is so well planned that it couldn't possibly fall through .
6. to get ahead – to make progress, to succeed
Usual subjects: people
Anyone can get ahead in life if he or she really tries hard.
Can a criminal get ahead by stealing money from a bank?
The dream of most politicians is to get ahead in national politics.
7. to get around – to travel, to move about
Usual subjects: living things (people, animals); information (news, ideas, secret, gossip)
It's difficult for a person with a broken leg to get around.
Everyone knows him well; he really gets around
How did my secret get around to all my friends so quickly?
8. to hold on – to wait, to pause
Usual subjects: people
This idiom is usually used in a polite command form or in indirect speech. It is commonly used when asking someone to wait on the telephone.
Please hold on ; I'll see if the doctor is in. (polite command)
I asked him to hold on before he finally left. (indirect speech)
Unusual: He held on before he left.
It is usually followed by a time expression such as “a second, a minute”.
Please hold on a second!
Cold you hold on a minute? (A question form is possible).
9. to open up – to talk honestly and freely; to reveal a secret.
Usual subjects: People
This idiom basically means that one doesn't hide his true feelings.
Their marriage plans fell through because neither one of them could ever open up to the other.
In court, you are expected to open up about what you know.
10. to come up – to arise
Usual subjects: a problem, question, issue
A serious problem came up after the project had been started.
Many questions came up about the quality of the project.
A political issue came up which embarrassed the candidate.
11. to break in – to interrupt (someone who is already speaking)
Usual subjects: people
While I was explaining my point of view, he broke in to argue with me.
During the regular TV programme, the newsman broke in to tell about the recent disaster.
When your teacher is speaking, you shouldn't break in .
12. to catch on – to finally understand
Usual subjects: people
This idiom means that someone had difficulty in understanding something, but finally was able to understand.
After two hours of trying to learn the new game, he caught on .
The lady in the back of the room repeated her question several times but I still couldn't catch on .
13. to look on – to watch, to observe, to be a spectator
Usual subjects: people
I looked upon as they tried to fix the machine which had broken down.
The shopkeeper could only look on as the armed robbers stole all of his money.
When people are playing sports, I don't enjoy looking on ; I would rather play also!
14. to settle down – 1) to become calm, quiet, or peaceful
2) to begin a normal, stable life
Usual subjects: living things (people, animals)
#1 – The children settled down when their teacher entered.
The barking dogs settled down after the loud truck passed by.
#2 – Many young people are now getting steady jobs, getting married, and
settling down in their own homes.
Many people settle down in San Diego because of the fine weather.
15. to show up – to arrive, to appear
Usual subjects: people
This idiom is often used when someone appears somewhere late.
He finally showed up an hour late.
I hope our teacher doesn't show up so that we can leave.
1:paul:I'm trying to get a taxi.
2-he said :when i saw them they were playing tennis.
3- she said :I decided not to buy the house because it was on the main steer.
4- the children said :we wish we didn't have to take exams.
5-"If my children were older I would emigrate" said andrew.
6-"If i were you I would wait " I said.
7- "I would be very gratful if you'd keep me informed "he said.
8- Ann said : you must read the book, it's much better than the movie.
9-"the children had better go to bed early" Tom said.
10-He said : I'll be here again tommorow .
11- andy said : I bought these pearls for my mother.
12- Magee said " he is coming this week.
13- he said: where does she live?
14- mom saod: did you see the accident?
Reported Speech - Indirect Speech
Indirect Speech (also referred to as 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.
• If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.
For example:
• He said the test was difficult.
• She said she watched TV every day.
• Jack said he came to school every day.
• If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.
For example:
• He says the test is difficult.
• She has said that she watches TV every day.
• Jack will say that he comes to school every day.
• If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained.
For example: The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.
Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers
When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence.
For example:
• She said, "I want to bring my children." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show.
It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking.
For example:
• She said, "I want to bring my children tomorrow." BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children the next day.
• Jack said, "My wife went with me to the show yesterday." BECOMES Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show the day before.
Indirect Questions
When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.
For example:
• She asked, "Do you want to come with me?" BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with her.
• Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" BECOMES Dave asked me where I had gone the previous weekend.
• He asked, "Why are you studying English?" BECOMES She asked me why I was studying English.
The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form. Note Simple past, present perfect, and past perfect all change to past perfect in the reported form. Check your understanding with this reported speech quiz:
He said, "I live in Paris ." | He said he lived in Paris . |
He said, "I am cooking dinner." | He said he was cooking dinner. |
He said, "I have visted London twice." | He said he had visited London twice. |
He said, "I went to New York last week." | He said he had gone to New York the week before. |
He said, "I had already eaten." | He said he had already eaten. |
He said, "I am going to find a new job." | He said he was going to find a new job. |
He said, "I will give Jack a call." | He said he would give Jack a call. |
Clause Practice
1. I had an accident and took my car to the garage. Mya
husband asked me where ________.
a. is my car
b. my car was
c. my car is
d. was my car
e. is your car?
2. The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many _______________.
a. cats does she have
b. does she has cats
c. she has cats
d. cats she has
e. cats has she
3. Do you know ____________ from the earth? I have no idea.
a. how far the moon is
b. how far is the moon
c. how the moon is far
d. if how far the moon is
e. whether how is the moon far
4. Your brother is playing his music too loud. I can't hear what ____________ .
a. is saying your brother
b. that your brother is saying
c. is saying your brother
d. your brother is saying
e. your brother says
5. When I left home, my uncle gave me some advice. He said __________ give up.
a. I shouldn't
b. that shouldn't
c. don't
d. that I don't
e. no
6. Jill didn't want to go to the car show. Her husband insisted that ___________ with him.
a. she come
b. she came
c. she had come
d. she comes
e. she has come
7. My boss wants this report immediately. He demanded that it ______________ ready by 5:00.
a. is
b. will be
c. be
d. was
e. should be
8. Did he tell you where __________ the report when you finish?
a. should you put
b. you to put
c. you put
d. to put
e. will you put
9. My friend predicted _____________ receive a lot praise for my work.
a. that I would
b. that I
c. what would I
d. what I
e. me to
10. My friend saw an accident. He told me ____________ at the scene of the accident.
a. if he'd seen
b. what he saw
c. what he'd seen
d. whether he saw
e. that he'd seen
11. Is it true all of the computers will shut down in the year 2,000? _______ is unbelievable!
a. That all the computers could shut down
b. All computers could shut down
c. Due to the fact that all computers could shut down
d. It is that all computers could shut down
e. Shutting down of all computers
12. Can you tell me how to fix my computer? That depends on ____________ an old computer.
a. have you
b. whether you have
c. that have you
d. if have you
e. about your having
13. Is it true __________ people are saying about
Y2K?
a. that what
b. that
c. if
d. whether or not
e. what
14. _______________ an old "date" chip is important.
a. A computer has
b. Does a computer
c. If a computer have
d. Whether or not a computer has
e. Has a computer
15. What are you going to do with your old computer? Nothing! _________ is too expensive.
a. That I want to do
b. What I want to do
c. That what I want to do
d. What do I want to do
e. If what I want to do
Cumulative Verb Tense Review
1. You look really great! (You, exercise) at the fitness center?
2. A: What (you, do) when the accident occurred?
B: I (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
3. I (have) the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying
a new one.
4. If it (snow)this weekend, we (go)
skiing near Lake Tahoe.
5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries?
B: They (call) librarians.
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months
ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) for nine months and I (be) in England for exactly one year.
7. Sam (arrive) in San Diego a week ago.
8. Samantha (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)
there when the Berlin wall came down.
9. If Vera (keep) drinking, she (lose, eventually)
her job.
10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan;
however, their culture (disappear, virtually) by the time
Europeans first (arrive) in the New World.
11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)
2. It (rain) all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go
to the beach.
13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) the bus this morning. You (be)
late to work too many times. You are fired!
14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) up
tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)
.
15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit) the Grand
Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States.
16. I (see) many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of
the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become)much easier and very
comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) two or three months to cross
North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) very rough and often
dangerous. Things (change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty
years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
18. Joseph's English (improve, really) , isn't it? He (watch) American television programs and (study) his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.
19. When I (arrive) home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare) a beautiful candle-lit dinner.
20. If you (need) to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)
at the Sheraton in San Francisco.
so + adjective or adverb
such + noun (with or without adjective)
We use so and such:to add emphasis
It's cold today
It's so cold today
She's a nice person
She's such a nice person
Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb.
Examples
- We've already had our breakfast.
- When are you going to do your homework?
- But I've already done it!
- Do you want a cup of coffee?
- No, thanks. I've already had one."
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence.
Examples
- Has the post arrived yet?
- Have you done your homework?
- Not yet.
- Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time!
|
1. My job starts at 6:00 AM, so I have to get up really early to make it to work on time.
2. Don't put your homework off until tomorrow. Just do it now and get it over with.
3. James came into a lot of money when his grandfather passed away. He could retire right now if he wanted to.
4. When the alarm went off, everyone proceeded calmly to the emergency exits. The fire chief was very impressed with the organization of the drill.
5. If you have an old blanket, bring it along so that we have something to sit on at the beach.
6. Although the team was both mentally and physically exhausted because they had not slept in almost 48 hours, they kept on walking so they could reach the Ecochallenge finish line before dawn.
7. Hey, check out Tina's new haircut. Doesn't she look great?
8. I don't have time to clean the kitchen right now. Maybe I can get around to it later.
9. Good parents don't put their children down , they give them constructive criticism which helps them to become better people. 10. I love your new outfit. Especially your shirt, it really brings out the color of your eyes.
11. I came across an old picture of Daniel while I was looking through the trunk. It's the one I took when we went camping at the beach.
12. As consumer demand for the product changed and competitors flooded the market, the once highly profitable company finally went under . Even the best businessman cannot keep a company going if nobody buys the product.
13. Look out, there's a rattlesnake under the picnic table!
14. The dealer tried to pass the painting off as an original Van Gogh, but the appraiser immediately recognized it was a fake. 15. The rebels have taken over the capital city and toppled the sitting government. It's looks like the revolution is over and the tiny nation will finally gain its independence.
16. When you are finished using the computer, can you please turn it off.
17. Ever since their big fight last month, John and Deborah haven't been getting along at all. They are constantly arguing with each other.
18. Cheryl was taken in by the con artist at the airport. He stole her passport, her plane ticket and $1500.
19. I am going to accept the research position at the Sorbonne. The pay isn't that great, but there is no way I am going to pass up the opportunity to live in Paris.
20. I can't afford to put out that much money for a new television. I can barely pay my rent!
Choose the phrase which best completes the conditional statement.
1. If he comes,
we will go to lunch.
we would go to lunch.
we went to lunch.
2. I would buy a new house
if I have a lot of money.
if I win the lottery.
if I inherited a million dollars.
3. If she misses the bus,
I take her to school by car.
I would take her to school by car.
she have to walk.
4. If I had known you were in town,
I would buy you some flowers!
I would have bought you some flowers.
I will buy you some flowers.
5. If he studies a lot,
he might pass the exam.
he would pass the exam.
he is going to pass the exam.
6. I would get a new job
if I was you.
if I am you.
if I were you.
7. He will surely fail his exams
if he not work harder.
unless he begins to study.
if he weren't serious.
8. She would live in New York now
if she stays.
if she had stayed.
if she was to stay.
9. They would have bought that new car
if they had had the money.
if they had the money.
if they were having the money.
10. I leave on Saturdays
if she will come to visit.
if she comes to visit.
if she won't come to visit.
11. If he were President,
he would help the poor more.
he will help the poor more.
he would have helped the poor more.
12. If they had had enough good sense,
they would move to Santa Monica.
they would have moved to Santa Monica.
they would had moved to Santa Monica.
13. She will go crazy
if you leaves her.
unless she leaves you.
if she don't leave you.
14. If this storm gets worse,
we will have to go inland.
we have to get inland.
we must to go inland.
15. Watch out! If you touch that cable,
you will get a shock.
you shocked.
you had a shock.
16. I might have had time
if you needed my help.
if you had asked me for help.
if you ask me for help.
17. I'm afraid I can't understand you
if you speak unclear.
unless you speak more clearly.
if you don't speak clear.
18. She would have gone
if she had been in your position.
if she were in your position.
if she was in your position.
19. You would certainly have been angry
if you discovered what he knew.
if you had discovered what he knew.
if you had discovered what he had known.
The following is a mini-tutorial on the use of the causative verbs "let," "make," "have," and "get." After you have studied the tutorial, complete the associated exercises. If you already know how to use these verbs, you can skip the explanation and go directly to the exercises.
Let
FORM
let + PERSON + VERB
USE
This construction means "to allow someone to do something."
EXAMPLES:
John let me drive his new car.
Will your parents let you go to the party?
I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.
Make
FORM
make + PERSON + VERB
USE
This construction means "to force someone to do something."
EXAMPLES:
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
She made her children do their homework.
Have
FORM
have + PERSON + VERB
USE
This construction means "to give someone the responsibility to do something."
EXAMPLES:
Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
Please have your secretary fax me the information.
I had the mechanic check the brakes.
Get
FORM
get + PERSON + to + VERB
USE
This construction usually means "to convince to do something" or "to trick someone into doing something."
EXAMPLES:
Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
How can parents get their children to read more?
The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.
Get vs. Have
Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.
EXAMPLES:
I got the mechanic to check my brakes.
At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the brakes.
I had the mechanic check my brakes.
I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.
-------
1. Sam really wanted a dog, but his parents wouldn't let him have a pet.
2. I can't believe she made you look at her vacation pictures again last night. We have to look at those stupid pictures every time we go to her house.
3. I don't know how you convince your children to clean up their rooms. I couldn't get my children to clean up their rooms if my life depended on it.
4. Professor Yu had each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in life.
5. Professor Yu lets her students use a dictionary while they were taking the test.
6. Debbie's husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she finally got him to go see the new production of La Boheme.
7. Sally made me take off my shoes before I went into her house. She said she wanted to keep the carpet clean.
8. Rebecca Smith requested a copy of that expense report, so I had the courier take one over to her last week.
9. Diane thinks television is a waste of time, so she won't let her children watch TV.
10. Susie had her son take out the trash before he went to the park to play soccer.
11. Marcus let me drive his new BMW. I couldn't believe how quickly it picked up speed.
12. How did you get the doctor to make a house call? I haven't heard of a doctor actually going to a patient's house in years.
13. My boss makes me get him coffee, pick up his dry cleaning and buy presents for his wife. He can't do anything by himself!
14. Tommy didn't want to go to his cousin's birthday party, but his mom made him go.
15. I can't believe the zoo keeper let you feed the snake. That was so cool!
16. The contract was very detailed, and it was essential that the wording be absolutely correct. Therefore, I had the translator recheck his work several times to make sure there would be no misunderstandings.
17. Cheryl didn't want to wash her car, so with a little smooth talk she got her boyfriend to wash it for her.
18. If you ask me nicely, I'll let you lick the bowl after I make the cookies.
19. Jack found a fly floating in his coffee, so he had the waiter bring him a new cup.
20. The news coverage of the recent tornado was incredibly moving. The interview with the little boy who lost his family in the tragedy made everyone cry.
