‍Control Words:

dominate :verb [I or T] OFTEN DISAPPROVING
to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or thing:
• Movie directing is a profession dominated by men.
• New Orleans dominated throughout the game.
• The murder trial has dominated the news this week.
• A pair of red-and-gold boots dominated the display.
He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting.
They work as a group - no one person is allowed to dominate.
It was the story that dominated the headlines this week.
The Rams dominated the football game in handing the Eagles their second loss.
dominating adjective OFTEN DISAPPROVING
a dominating personality
domination noun [U]
the state of having control over people or a situation
Her domination of the tennis world is undisputed.
The film was about a group of robots set on world domination (= control of all countries).
monopolize, UK USUALLY monopolise verb [T]
1 in business, to control something completely and to prevent other people having any effect on what happens:
The company had monopolized the photography market for so many decades that they didn't worry about competition from other companies.
Rockefeller monopolized oil refining in the 1800s.
• In Russia, Intourist no longer monopolizes the foreign tourism business.
• The 49ers monopolized the ball in the third period.
2 If someone monopolizes a person or a conversation they talk a lot or stop other people being involved or to demand or need a lot of someone's time and attention:
She completely monopolized the conversation at lunch.
She has a habit of monopolizing the conversation.
• Susan's children monopolize her time and energy.
monopoly noun [C or S]
(an organization or group which has) complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share:
The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
Is Microsoft a monopoly?
The drafting of a new constitution cannot be a monopoly of the white minority regime (= other people should do it too).
He does not have a/the monopoly on (= He is not the only one who has) good looks.
The Postal Service is guaranteed a monopoly on all first-class letters.
(FIG.)
California has no monopoly on strangeness (= is not the only strange place).
monopolistic adjective USUALLY DISAPPROVING
a monopolistic system
monopolization, UK USUALLY monopolisation noun [U]
suppress () verb [T]
1 (FEELINGS) to control feelings so that they do not show
• suppress a grin/laugh/burp etc.: "I grew it myself," he said, trying to suppress a smile.
I could barely suppress my anger.
She could barely suppress a smile.
She couldn't suppress her anger/annoyance/delight.
His feelings of resentment have been suppressed for years.
2 (KEEP HIDDEN INFORMATION) to prevent information from being known, especially by people who have a right to know:
• Some evidence had been suppressed by Spira's lawyers.
The police were accused of manufacturing confessions, suppressing evidence, and lying under oath.
to suppress evidence/news
3 (FIGHT or END BY FORCE) to stop someone or something by using force
They wanted to live in a country where religious freedom was not suppressed.
The governor called in the National Guard to help suppress prison riots.
The Hungarian uprising in 1956 was suppressed by the Soviet Union.
The government tried to suppress the book because of the information it contained about the security services.
• For 70 years the Communist government had suppressed all dissent.
[often passive] The rebellion was suppressed by government forces.
3 to prevent something from growing or developing, or from working effectively:
• The virus suppresses the body's immune system.
The virus suppresses the body's immune system.
suppression noun [U] compare REPRESS
brutal police suppression of the riots
suppression of evidence/emotions/free speech, etc.
the suppression of human rights
The police chief said there was no suppression of evidence.

suppressor noun [C]
a thing or person that prevents something bad from happening:
Plastic is a good weed suppressor (= a substance which stops them from growing).
suppressed adjective:
• suppressed rage
suppressible adjective
repress verb [T]
1 to stop yourself from doing something, especially something you want to do:
• Brenda repressed the urge to shout at him.
• I repressed a smile.
2 if someone represses feelings, memories etc., their mind has hidden them because they are too upsetting to think about:
• He had long ago repressed the painful memories of his childhood.
3 to control a group of people by force:
• Other nations condemned the ruler for repressing dissent. --compare SUPPRESS
oppress verb [T]
(LIMIT FREEDOM)to govern (people) in an unfair and cruel way and prevent them from having opportunities and freedom
"My people were oppressed by your people for three hundred years," Cavita commented.
He says that white society keeps black men oppressed and deprived and ignorant.
Women were oppressed by a society which considered them inferior.
For years now, the people have been oppressed by a ruthless dictator
2 (MAKE UNCOMFORTABLE) to make someone feel anxious and sometimes ill:
• The loneliness of her little apartment oppressed her.
The thought of tomorrow's interview oppressed him.
Strange dreams and nightmares oppressed him.
He's just as confused and oppressed by love as I am.

oppressed adjective
1 a group of people who are oppressed are treated unfairly or cruelly and prevented from having the same rights and opportunities as other people:
• oppressed minorities
• the oppressed (= people who are oppressed)
2 someone who is oppressed feels their freedom has been restricted
the poor and the oppressed
oppression noun [U]
the act of oppressing a group of people, or the state of being oppressed:
• the oppression of women
Every human being has the right to freedom from oppression.
War, famine and oppression have forced people in the region to flee from their homes.
the oppression of women
Several people had experienced the same feeling of oppression when they slept in that room.
There's less oppression and freer speech here now.

oppressive adjective
1 powerful, cruel, and unfair:
an oppressive government/military regime
an oppressive government
an oppressive sense of guilt
• an oppressive dictatorship
2 weather that is oppressive is very hot with no movement of air, which makes you feel uncomfortable:
We were unable to sleep because of the oppressive heat.
Oppressive weather is hot, with a lot of wetness in the air.
• Summers in Houston can be oppressive.
3 causing anxiety a situation that is oppressive makes you feel too uncomfortable to do or say anything:
• The silence in the meeting was becoming oppressive.
an oppressive silence
oppressively adverb
It was oppressively hot on the bus.
oppressiveness noun [U]
oppressor noun [C]
a person, group, or country that oppresses people:
Sisters, we must rise up and defeat our oppressors.
They're not the powerful oppressors that society says they are.
• Members of the minority community view the police department as their oppressor.
restrict verb [T]

to control something or keep it within limits:
• Many cities have restricted smoking in public places.
• Can the school board restrict teachers' rights to express their views?
measures to restrict the sale of alcohol
The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country.
Having small children really restricts your social life.
restrict yourself to sth phrasal verb [R]
to limit yourself to one particular thing or activity:
• In this seminar, we will restrict ourselves to Plath's later poems.
If I'm driving, I restrict myself to one glass of wine.
I restrict myself to two glasses of wine most evenings.
The state legislature voted to restrict development in the area.
Efforts are under way to further restrict cigarette advertising.
They've brought in new laws to restrict the sale of cigarettes.
restricted adjective
1 limited, especially by official rules, laws, etc
• Since Dave's heart attack, he's been on a restricted diet.
• restricted parking
• Visiting hours are restricted to evenings and weekends only.
Many events are free, so families on restricted budgets can participate
Membership is restricted to (= It is only for) chief executive officers.
Our view of the stage was restricted (= objects prevented us from seeing the whole stage).
2 be restricted to sth to only affect a limited area, group etc.:
• The damage was restricted to the west side of town.
Building in this area of town is restricted.
Wellington Barracks is a restricted area and anyone who enters should have identification.
3 a restricted area, document or information can only be seen or used by a particular group of people because it is secret or dangerous:
• documents containing restricted data
4 limited in what you can do, or in your movements:
• ramps for people with restricted mobility
restriction noun
[C usually plural] a rule or system that limits or controls what you can do or what is allowed to happen [+ on]:
import/export/currency restrictions
speed/parking restrictions
At the turn of the century, Congress imposed/placed a height restriction of 13 storeys on all buildings in Washington.
The president urged other countries to lift the trade restrictions.
You can get a discount fare, but some restrictions (= rules about limits) apply.
• The U.S. is seeking tighter restrictions on weapon sales to the region.:
• Some border states have imposed restrictions (= made restrictions) on liquor imports from Mexico.
• Congress might lift restrictions (= remove restrictions) on foreign aid for birth control.
restrictive adjective OFTEN DISAPPROVING
limiting the freedom of someone or preventing something from growing:
He is self-employed because he finds working for other people too restrictive.
The college is not able to expand because of restrictive planning laws.
She campaigned against restrictive immigration laws.
• The labor laws are too restrictive.
• Some restrictive diets can be dangerous to your health.
restrictive clause also restrictive rel•ative clause
noun [C] TECHNICAL
a part of a sentence that says which person or thing is meant. For example in "the man who came to dinner," the phrase "who came to dinner" is a restrictive clause.
restrictive practices noun [plural]
1 unreasonable limits that one TRADE UNION puts on the kind of work that members of other trade unions are allowed to do
2 an unfair trade agreement between companies that limits the amount of competition there is
proctor US invigilate UK verb [I or T]
to watch people taking an exam in order to check that they do not cheat:
Miss Jekyll will be invigilating (your chemistry exam) today.

US proctor UK invigilator noun [C] ()
If you need more paper, please ask the invigilator.
doormat noun [C]
1 a thick piece of material just outside or inside a door for you to clean your shoes on
2 INFORMAL someone who lets other people treat them badly and who never complains about it
He may be selfish and insensitive, but she is a bit of a doormat
colony noun [C]
1 (COUNTRY) a country or area controlled in an official, political way by a more powerful country
a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful and often distant country:
• Fighting is continuing in the former Belgian colony. --see also DOMINION (3), PROTECTORATE
Australia and New Zealand are former British colonies.
a French/British colony
2 (GROUP) a group of the same type of animals,
insects, or plants living together in a particular place
an ant colony
a colony of ants/termites/bacteria
a colony of ants
3 (PEOPLE) a group of people with the same interests or job who live together
• an artists' colony on the East Coast
• a nudist colony
an artists' colony
2 one of the 13 areas of land on the east coast of North America that later became the United States:
• Many people who came to the colonies were escaping religious persecution.
protectorate noun [C]
a country that is protected and controlled by a more powerful country, especially in the areas of defense and foreign affairs --compare COLONY (1)
dominion noun
1 [U] LITERARY the power or right to rule people or control something:
• have/hold dominion over sb/sth: Alexander the Great held dominion over a vast area.
2 also Dominion [C] one of the countries that was a member of the British Commonwealth in past times:
• Canada became a self-governing dominion of Great Britain in 1867.
3 [C] FORMAL the land owned or controlled by one person or a government --see also COLONY (1), PROTECTORATE
colonial adjective

1 [before noun] relating to a colony or colonialism:
Turkey was once an important colonial power.
Various parts of Africa have suffered under colonial rule.
a colonial mentality

2 describes furniture or buildings in the style of a period when some countries were colonies:
colonial architecture
colonial-style houses

colonial noun [C]
a person from another country who lives in a colony, especially as part of its system of government
the former colonial rulers of South Africa
colonialism noun [U]
the belief in and support for the system of one country controlling another
colonialist noun [C]
a supporter of colonialism
the colonialist powers
colonialist ideology
colonist noun [C]
someone who lives in or goes to live in a country or area that is a colony
He arrived in Maryland with the first American colonists in 1634.
colonize, UK USUALLY colonise verb [T often passive]
to send people to live in and govern another country:
Peru was colonized by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.
colonization, UK USUALLY colonisation noun [U]
crown colony noun [C]
an area or country which is politically controlled by Britain and which has a British governor
penal colony noun [C] (ALSO penal settlement)
a type of prison, which is often in a place far away from other people