Try to reduce effect of technology:

The legend of Valentine's Day

In the days of ancient Rome, the fourteenth day of February was a pagan holiday which honored Juno. Juno was the queen of the Roman gods as well as the goddess of women and marriage. The next day, the fifteenth, was the first day of the Festival of Lupercalia. This festival honored Juno and Pan who were two Roman gods. Fertility rituals were held on this day. On the night before the festival started,it was customary for the names of the Roman girls to be written on slips of paper. These slips were then placed in a container and then each boy drew a name of the girl who he would be coupled with for the entire Lupercalia festival.


Rome was under the authority of Emperor Claudius the Second, and he was a vicious warrior, not to mention the fact that he was insane. His armies lacked the sufficient number of soldiers it needed, and Claudius could not figure out why more young men didn't want to go to battle. Finally, he determined that the young men didn't want to leave their wives, families and girlfriends. In order to remedy this, the Emperor instituted a new law and canceled all of the marriages and engagements in Rome.

In the mean time, there lived a priest in Rome by the name of Valentine. He did not believe in the Emperor's new law, and he refused to abide by it. He continued to perform wedding ceremonies in secret. He lived in constant fear that he would be caught by Emperor Claudius' soldiers, but he persisted in doing what he knew was right. Finally, the day did come when Bishop Valentine was caught uniting a man and a woman in the bonds of holy matrimony. The soldiers dragged him to stand before Emperor Claudius' throne. The Emperor condemned the Bishop to be put to death for his violation of the law.


While the priest was imprisoned, waiting for his execution, many young couples threw notes of thanks along with flowers and other gifts into the window of his cell. Among these young people who admired the priest for doing the right thing was the prison guard's own daughter. Her father allowed her to visit Bishop Valentine in his cell. During these visits, the two would talk and laugh and share each other's thoughts. Finally, the day arrived when Bishop Valentine was scheduled to die. It was the fourteenth of February in the year of 270 AD. While he was waiting for the soldiers to come and drag him away, Bishop Valentine composed a note to the girl telling her that he loved her. He signed it simply, "From Your Valentine."


Finally, in the year 496 AD, Pope Gelasius did away with the pagan festival of Lupercalia, citing that it was pagan and immoral. He then chose Bishop Valentine as the patron saint of lovers, who would be honored at the new festival on the fourteenth of every February.


Over the years, Valentine's Day has evolved into a holiday when gifts, cards, flowers and candy are given to the ones we love or would like to start a relationship with. And it is all because of a brave, righteous man named Valentine.

Author unknown
-------------------------------------------------------------------
summery:
The story of Valentine's Day begins in the third century with an oppressive Roman emperor and a humble Christian martyr. The emporer was Claudius II. The Christian was Valentinus.

Claudius had ordered all Romans to worship twelve gods and he had made it a crime, punishable by death, to associate with Christians. But, Valentinus was dedicated to the ideals of Christ, and not even the threat of death could keep him from practicing his beliefs. He was arrested and imprisoned.

During the last weeks of Valentinus' life a remarkable thing happened. Seeing that he was a man of learning, the jailer asked whether his daughter, Julia, might be brought to Valentinus for lessons. She had been blind since birth. Julia was a pretty young girl with a quick mind. Valentinus read stories of Rome's history to her. He described the world of nature to her. He taught her arithmetic and told her about God. She saw the world through his eyes, trusted in his wisdom, and found comfort in his quiet strength.

"Valentinus, does God really hear our prayers?" Julia said one day.

"Yes, my child, He hears each one," he replied.

"Do you know what I pray for every morning and every night? I pray that I might see. I want so much to see everything you've told me about!"

"God does what is best for us if we will only believe in Him," Valentinus said.

"Oh, Valentius, I do believe," Julia said intensley, "I do." She knelt and grasped his hand.

They sat quietly together, each praying. Suddenly there was a brilliant light in the prison cell. Radiant, Julia screamed, "Valentinus, I can see! I can see!"

"Praise be to God!" Valentinus exclaimed, and he knelt in prayer.

On the eve of his death, Valentinus wrote a last note to Julia, uring her to stay close to God and he signed it "From Your Valentine" His sentence was carried out the next day, February 14, 270 A.D., near a gate that was later named Ports Valentini in his memory. He was buried at what is now the Church of Praxedes in Rome. It is said that Julia herself planted a pink-blossomed almond tree near his grave. Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of abiding love and friendship. On each Feburary 14th, St. Valentine's Day, messages of affection, love, and devotion are exchanged around the world.

Money

1- she got money to burn.
2- he is on teh breadline.
3- money is a bit light now.
4- they have to tighten their belts.
5- she lives in the lap of luxary.
6- we struggle to make ends meet.
7- she hasn't got a peeny in her name.
8- in for a penny , in for a pound.
9- a peeny for your thoughts!.
10- to live hand to mouth.
11- she's worth a fortune.


------------------------------
Money Idioms

Choose the idiom and click on it to go directly to the explanation and example.

A
ante up,
at all costs



B
back on your feet,
bet your bottom dollar,
bet on the wrong horse,
born with a silver spoon in your mouth,
bottom dollar, bottom line,
break even, break the bank,
bring home the bacon,
burn a hole in your pocket,
buy off



C
cash-and-carry,
cash in, cash in on,
cash in your chips,
cash on the
barrelhead, caught short,
cheapskate, chicken feed,
chip in, clean up,
cold hard cash,
cook the books, cut-rate



D
deadbeat,
dime a dozen, down and out,
Dutch treat



F
face value,
fast buck,
feel like a million dollars/bucks,
flat broke, foot the bill,
for a song, for love or money (usually negative),
fork over



G
go broke,
gravy train,
grease your palm
H
hand-out,
hand to mouth,
hard up,
have sticky fingers,
highway robbery,
hit the jackpot



I
in the black,
in the hole, in the red



K
keep books,
kickback



L
lay away money,
layaway plan, lay out,
live from hand to mouth,
live high off the hog,
loaded,
lose your shirt



M
make a bundle,
make a killing, make a living,
make ends meet,
make
money hand over fist, money to burn



N
nest egg



O
on a dime,
on a shoestring,
on the house



P
pad the bill,
pass the buck,
pay an arm and a leg for something,
pay dirt, pay off, pay
through the nose,
penny for your thoughts,
penny-wise and pound foolish,
pick up the tab,
piggy bank,
pinch pennies,
pony up,
put in your two cents



Q
quick buck



R
rain check,
rake in the money,
red cent



S
salt away,
scrape together,
set one back,
shell out,
splurge on something,
stone broke,
strapped for cash,
strike it rich



T
take a beating,
tighten your belt,
two bits,
(not worth) two cents,
two cents worth



W
(not) worth a cent,
worth your salt









ante up



MEANING: pay, produce a necessary amount of money



EXAMPLE:



I had to ante up a lot of money to get my car fixed.





at all costs



MEANING: at any expense of time, effort or money



EXAMPLE:



He plans to go to school at all costs.





back on your feet



MEANING: return to good financial health



EXAMPLE:



My sister is back on her feet after losing her job last year.





bet your bottom dollar



MEANING: bet all one has on something



EXAMPLE:



I would bet my bottom dollar that the accounting manager will be late
again today.





bet on the wrong horse



MEANING: base your plans on a wrong guess about the results of
something



EXAMPLE:



He is betting on the wrong horse if he continues to support the other
candidate for mayor.






born with a silver spoon in your mouth



MEANING: born to wealth and comfort, born rich



EXAMPLE:



The student in our history class was born with a silver spoon in his
mouth and has never worked in his life.





bottom dollar



MEANING: your last dollar



EXAMPLE:



He spent his bottom dollar on some new clothes to wear for his job
interview.





bottom line 1



MEANING: line in a financial statement that shows net income or loss



EXAMPLE:



The bottom line in the company's financial statement was much worse
than expected.





bottom line 2



MEANING: final result, main point



EXAMPLE:



The bottom line was that we were unable to attend the conference
because of our busy schedule.





break even



MEANING: have income equal to expenses



EXAMPLE:



Our company was able to break even after only six months of operation.






break the bank



MEANING: win all the money at a casino gambling table



EXAMPLE:



He broke the bank at the casino and walked away with a lot of money.






bring home the bacon



MEANING: earn the family living



EXAMPLE:



I have been working hard all month bringing home the bacon for my
family.





burn a hole in your pocket



MEANING: money that one wishes or intends to spend quickly (often for
something frivolous)



EXAMPLE:



The money had been burning a hole in his pocket when he decided to go
to the casino.





buy off



MEANING: give money to someone to stop them from doing their duty



EXAMPLE:



They tried to buy off the politician but he refused to go along with
their plan.





cash-and-carry



MEANING: selling something for cash only with no delivery



EXAMPLE:



We were able to get a good price on a sofa in a cash-and-carry deal at
the furniture store.





cash in



MEANING: exchange coupons or bonds for their value in money



EXAMPLE:



I cashed in a large number of my savings bonds in order to get some
money to buy a house.





cash in on



MEANING: make money from an opportunity



EXAMPLE:



The former football player cashed in on his popularity to open a very
successful restaurant.





cash in your chips



MEANING: exchange or sell something to get some money



EXAMPLE:



I decided to cash in my chips to get some money to go back to school.






cash on the barrelhead



MEANING: money paid in cash when something is bought



EXAMPLE:



I had to pay cash on the barrelhead for the used car.





caught short



MEANING: not have enough money when you need it



EXAMPLE:



I was caught short and had to borrow some money from my father last
week.





cheapskate



MEANING: a person who will not spend much money, a stingy person



EXAMPLE:



My friend is a cheapskate and won't even go to a movie with me.





chicken feed



MEANING: a small amount of money



EXAMPLE:



His son always wants to borrow money and says that it is only chicken
feed but little by little it adds up to a lot of money.





chip in



MEANING: contribute money or pay jointly



EXAMPLE:



Everyone in our company chipped in some money to buy a wedding present
for our boss.





clean up




MEANING: make a lot of money, make a big profit



EXAMPLE:



I cleaned up at the horse races last year and still have some of the
money left.





cold hard cash



MEANING: cash, coins and bills



EXAMPLE:



I paid for the stereo in cold hard cash.





cook the books



MEANING: illegally change information in accounting books in a company



EXAMPLE:



The accountant was cooking the books for over a year before he was
caught.





cut-rate



MEANING: sell for a price lower than usual



EXAMPLE:



We went to a cut-rate furniture store to buy some new furniture for
our apartment.





deadbeat



MEANING: person who never pays the money he owes



EXAMPLE:



Recently the government has been making an effort to solve the problem
of deadbeat dads who don't support their families.





dime a dozen



MEANING: easy to get and therefore of little value



EXAMPLE:



Used computers are a dime a dozen and have very little value.





down and out



MEANING: have no money



EXAMPLE:



My friend was down and out for several years before he got a job and
started making money.





Dutch treat



MEANING: something where each person pays their own share



EXAMPLE:



We went to the movie as a Dutch treat so it didn't cost me much money.






face value



MEANING: the worth or price printed on a stamp, bond, note or paper
money etc.



EXAMPLE:



The face value of the stamp was very low but in reality it was worth a
lot of money.





fast buck



MEANING: money earned quickly and easily (and sometimes dishonestly)



EXAMPLE:



The company tried to make a fast buck on the property but they
actually lost a lot of money.





feel like a million dollars/bucks




MEANING: feel wonderful



EXAMPLE:



Although I have been sick for a few weeks I feel like a million
dollars today.





flat broke



MEANING: having no money, penniless



EXAMPLE:



I am flat broke and don't even have enough money to pay my rent.





foot the bill



MEANING: pay



EXAMPLE:



My sister is footing the bill for her daughter's education so she is
making sure that she studies hard.





for a song



MEANING: at a low price, cheaply



EXAMPLE:



We bought the car for a song and will try and sell it for a higher
price.





fork over



MEANING: pay, pay out



EXAMPLE:



I forked over a lot of money for the painting that is hanging on my
wall.





for love or money (usually negative)



MEANING: for anything, for any price



EXAMPLE:



I would not want to have to do that man's job for love or money.





go broke



MEANING: lose all your money, have no money



EXAMPLE:



My uncle started a company last year but it quickly went broke.





gravy train



MEANING: getting paid more money than the job is worth



EXAMPLE:



The job was a gravy train and I made a lot of money when I was there.






grease your palm



MEANING: give a tip, pay for a special favor or extra help, bribe



EXAMPLE:



The waiter was greasing his palm at the restaurant until he was
finally fired.





hand-out



MEANING: a gift of money (usually from the government)



EXAMPLE:



After receiving hand-outs from the government for many years they
finally had to make money on their own.





hand to mouth



MEANING: having only enough money for basic living



EXAMPLE:



My friend has been living from hand to mouth since he lost his job.






hard up



MEANING: not have much money



EXAMPLE:



His brother is hard up for money and always wants to borrow some.





have sticky fingers



MEANING: be a thief



EXAMPLE:



The new employee has sticky fingers and many things in the store have
disappeared.





highway robbery



MEANING: charge a high price for something



EXAMPLE:



The amount of money that the company is charging for its services is
highway robbery.





hit the jackpot



MEANING: make a lot of money suddenly



EXAMPLE:



We hit the jackpot at the casino and came home with a lot of money.






in the black



MEANING: profitable, making money



EXAMPLE:



Our company has been in the black since it was first started.





in the hole



MEANING: in debt, owing money



EXAMPLE:



I think that we are going in the hole in our attempts to make our
business prosper.





in the red



MEANING: unprofitable, losing money



EXAMPLE:



The company has been in the red for several months now and will soon
have to go bankrupt.





keep books



MEANING: keep records of money earned and spent



EXAMPLE:



The accountant has been keeping careful books of all the transactions
in the company.





kickback



MEANING: money paid illegally for favorable treatment



EXAMPLE:



The politician received several illegal kickbacks and had to resign
from his job.





lay away money



MEANING: save money



EXAMPLE:



I am trying hard to lay away enough money to buy a house.





layaway plan



MEANING: a plan in which one pays some money as a down-payment and
then pays a little more when one can and the store holds the article
until the full price is paid



EXAMPLE:



We brought our furniture on the layaway plan at the store.





lay out



MEANING: spend, pay



EXAMPLE:



I had to lay out a lot of money to get my car fixed so now I don't
have any money to go out.





live from hand to mouth



MEANING: live on little money



EXAMPLE:



My friend has been living from hand to mouth on his savings from his
last job.





live high off the hog



MEANING: have the best of everything, live in great comfort



EXAMPLE:



My mother and father have been living high off the hog since they won
the lottery.





loaded



MEANING: have lots of money



EXAMPLE:



My uncle is loaded and always has lots of money.





lose your shirt



MEANING: lose all or most of your money



EXAMPLE:



I lost my shirt in a business venture and now I have no money.





make a bundle



MEANING: make a lot of money



EXAMPLE:



I made a bundle on the stock market and have since bought a house.





make a killing



MEANING: make a large amount of money



EXAMPLE:



My sister made a killing when she worked overseas in the oil industry.






make a living



MEANING: earn enough money to live



EXAMPLE:



If you want to make a good living it is necessary to get a good
education.





make ends meet



MEANING: have enough money to pay your bills



EXAMPLE:



I have been having trouble making ends meet because the rent for my
apartment is too high.





make money hand over fist



MEANING: fast and in large amounts



EXAMPLE:



My cousin has been making money hand over fist with her business.





money to burn



MEANING: very much money, more money than is needed



EXAMPLE:



My aunt has money to burn and is always travelling somewhere.





nest egg



MEANING: money someone has saved up



EXAMPLE:



I made a nice nest egg when I was working and I am now able to go to
school.





on a dime



MEANING: in a very small space



EXAMPLE:



I had to turn my car on a dime when I entered the parking lot.





on a shoestring



MEANING: with little money to spend, on a very low budget



EXAMPLE:



He started his business on a shoestring but now it is very successful.






on the house



MEANING: paid for by the owner



EXAMPLE:



We went to the restaurant and all of the refreshments were on the
house.





pad the bill



MEANING: add false expenses to a bill



EXAMPLE:



The plumber who was fixing our plumbing system was padding the bill so
we got another plumber.





pass the buck



MEANING: make another person decide something, put the duty or blame
on someone else



EXAMPLE:



The foreman is always passing the buck and will never take
responsibility for anything that he does.






pay an arm and a leg for something



MEANING: pay a high price for something



EXAMPLE:



I paid an arm and a leg for my car but I am not very happy with it.






pay dirt



MEANING: a valuable discovery, the dirt in which much gold is found



EXAMPLE:



We hit pay dirt when we got the rights to distribute the new product.






pay off 1



MEANING: pay and discharge from a job



EXAMPLE:



The company paid off their employees and shut down for the winter.





Pay-off 2



- bribe



EXAMPLE:



The mayor received a pay-off and was forced to resign from his
position.





pay through the nose



MEANING: pay at a very high price, pay too much



EXAMPLE:



I paid through the nose when I had to buy gasoline in the small town.






penny for your thoughts



MEANING: tell someone what you are thinking about



EXAMPLE:



"I will give you a penny for your thoughts", I said to my friend who
was looking out of the window.





penny-wise and pound foolish



MEANING: wise or careful in small things to the costly neglect of
important things



EXAMPLE:



My friend is penny-wise and pound foolish and economizes on small
things but wastes all of his money on big things.





pick up the tab



MEANING: pay the bill



EXAMPLE:



I picked up the tab for my sister and her three children at the
restaurant.





piggy bank



MEANING: a small bank, sometimes in the shape of a pig for saving
coins



EXAMPLE:



The small boy saved up much money in his piggy bank.





pinch pennies



MEANING: be careful with money, be thrifty



EXAMPLE:



My grandmother always pinches pennies and will never spend her money
foolishly.





pony up



MEANING: pay



EXAMPLE:



I had to pony up a lot of money to pay to get my car repaired.





put in your two cents



MEANING: give your opinion



EXAMPLE:



I stood up in the meeting and put in my two cents before I was asked
to sit down.





quick buck



MEANING: money earned quickly and easily (and sometimes dishonestly)



EXAMPLE:



The company is only interested in making a quick buck and is not at
all interested in quality.





rain check



MEANING: a promise to repeat an invitation at a later date



EXAMPLE:



I decided to take a rain check and go to the restaurant another time.






rake in the money



MEANING: make a lot of money



EXAMPLE:



We have been raking in the money at our restaurant and will soon be
able to go on a long holiday.





red cent



MEANING: the smallest coin, a trivial sum of money



EXAMPLE:



I wouldn't give a red cent for my neighbor's car.





salt away



MEANING: save money



EXAMPLE:



My father's uncle salted away thousands of dollars before he died.





scrape together



MEANING: gather small amounts of money (usually with some difficulty)
for something



EXAMPLE:



We scraped together some money and bought a present for my mother.





set one back



MEANING: cost



EXAMPLE:



My friend asked me how much my new coat had set me back.





shell out



MEANING: pay



EXAMPLE:



My father shelled out a lot of money to get his house painted.






splurge on something



MEANING: spend more money than one might ordinarily spend



EXAMPLE:



We decided to splurge and go to a nice restaurant for dinner.





stone broke



MEANING: having no money, penniless



EXAMPLE:



His brother is stone broke and won't be able to come to the movie with
us.





strapped for cash




MEANING: have no money available



EXAMPLE:



I am strapped for cash at the moment so I won't be able to go with you
on a holiday.





strike it rich



MEANING: become rich or successful suddenly or without expecting to



EXAMPLE:



My grandfather struck it rich searching for gold but when he died he
had no money.





take a beating



MEANING: lose money (usually a lot)



EXAMPLE:



My friend took a beating on the stock market and has now stopped
buying stocks..





tighten one`s belt



MEANING: live on less money than usual



EXAMPLE:



We decided to tighten our belt and save up some money for a holiday.






two bits



MEANING: twenty-five cents, a quarter of a dollar



EXAMPLE:



The newspaper was only two bits a copy.





(not worth) two cents



MEANING: almost nothing, something not important or very small



EXAMPLE:



The car that my friend bought is not worth two cents.





two cents worth



MEANING: something one wants to say, opinion



EXAMPLE:



I asked the president for his two cents worth but he didn't want to
give us his opinion.





(not) worth a cent



MEANING: not worth anything, not of any value



EXAMPLE:



That antique desk is not worth a cent although everyone thinks it is
very valuable.





worth your salt



MEANING: worth what one is paid



EXAMPLE:



Our secretary is worth her salt and is a great asset to our company.

How do we move our body? #4

verbs in its correct place in the sentences below.

punch, grope, grab, stretch, pat, slap, squeeze, nudge, beckon, pet


After driving a long distance, I like to get out and --stretch my arms and legs.
If he says that again, I'll --punch him in the nose.
when Katherine was small, I often --patted her on the head when she smiled at me.
She loved dogs, and always used to stop and --pet any dog that would let her.
Hurry up! --Grab your things and let's get out of here!
She wasn't slim enough to --squeeze between the two tables.
The lights went out and I had to --grope in front of me to find the matches to light a candle.
Tom went to sleep during the meeting and I had to --nudge him with my elbow to wake him.
When it's your turn to have your passport checked, the customs officer will --beckon you to come forward.

How do we move our body? #3

Match the following phrases to the verbs of bodily movement.

She nodded --h
She smiled --g
She pointed --a
He bowed --d
She curtseyed --e
She waved --c
She fidgeted --f
She saluted --b
a) to show her parents what she wanted.
b) when the General entered the room.
c) when she saw her friend at the arrival gate.
d) when he was introduced to Madonna.
e) when she was introduced to Madonna.
f) because she had been sitting for so long.
g) because she was happy.
h) in agreement.

How do we move our body? #2

Match the following phrases to the verbs of bodily movement.

She shivered --e
She sweated --a
She blushed --b
She fainted --f
She trembled --c
She dozed --h
She started --g
a) in the sauna.
b) with embarrassment.
c) with fear.
d) when she heard the sad news.
e) with cold.
f) after not having eaten all day.
g) in surprise at the gun shot.
h) in her armchair after a hard day's work.

How do we move our body? #1

Match the following phrases to the verbs of bodily movement.


She flexed --d
She shook --a
She snapped --l
She craned --c
She held --h
She wiped --e
She clenched --b
She folded --j
She scratched --k
She tapped --f
She rubbed --i

a) her head in violently.
b) her fists angrily.
c) her neck to peer over his head.
d) her muscles showing off her biceps.
e) her forehead with a hanky.
f) her foot in time to the music.
g) her shoulders.
h) her breath under water.
i) her knee to see if she had sprained it.
j) her arms and relaxed
k) her head thoughtfully.
l) her fingers to get attention.

Present Perfect

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FORM Present Perfect

[HAS / HAVE] + [past participle]

EXAMPLES:
I have seen that movie many times.

I have never seen that movie.

NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect (have seen), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part (have never seen).

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now


We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with time expressions such as "yesterday," "one year ago," "last week," "when I was a chlid," "when I lived in Japan," "at that moment," "that day" or "one day." We CAN use the Present Perfect with expressions like "ever," "never," "once," "many times," "several times," "before," "so far," "already" and "yet."

EXAMPLES:


I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

Has there ever been a war in the United States?
Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

People have traveled to the moon.


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IMPORTANT How do you actually use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:


TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

EXAMPLES:

I have been to France.(This sentence means that you have the experience of being to France. Maybe you have been once, or several times.)

I have been to France three times.
(You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.)

I have never been to France.
(This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.)

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

Have you ever met him?
No, I have not met him.


TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

EXAMPLES:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

EXAMPLES:

Man has walked on the moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.


TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action.

EXAMPLES:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which occured in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

EXAMPLES:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
IMPORTANT



When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.






Sometimes we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. Expressions such as "in the last week," "in the last year," "this week," "this month," "so far" and "up to now" can be used to narrow the time we are looking in for an experience.


EXAMPLES:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year.

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.

This week my car has broken down three times.

NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now.

EXAMPLES:

I went to Mexico last year.
(I went to Mexico in 1998.)

I have been to Mexico in the last year.
(I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now. We do not know exactly when.)

USE 2 Duration From Past Until Now (Non-continuous Verbs)




With Non-continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks" and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

EXAMPLES:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ACTIVE / PASSIVE Present Perfect

EXAMPLES:

Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE

That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE

Why Love is Blind??

A long time ago, before the world was created and humans set foot on it, God had put all the human "qualities" in a separate room. Since all the qualities were bored they decided to play hide & seek. "Madness" was one of the qualities and he shouted: "I want to count, I want to count And since nobody was crazy enough to want to seek "Madness", all the other qualities agreed.So "Madness" leaned against a tree and started to count: "One, two,three..." As "Madness" counted, the qualities went hiding. "Treason" hid in a pile of garbage.. "Lie" said that it wo! uld hide under a stone, but hid at the bottom of the lake. And Madness continued to count "... seventy nine, eighty, eighty one..." By this time, all the qualities were already hidden -except "Love " .For stupid as "Love " is, he could not decide where to hide. And this sh! ould not surprise us, because we all know how difficult it is to hide "Love". "Madness": "...ninety five, ninety six, ninety seven..." Just when "Madness" got to one hundred........."Love" jumped into a rose bush where he hid. And Madness turned around and shouted: "I'm coming, I'm coming!" As Madness turned around, "Laziness" was the first to be found, because "Laziness" was too lazy to hide. "Madness " searched madly and found "Lie" at the bottom of the lake. One by one, Madness found them all - except Love. Madness was getting desperate, unable to find Love. Envious of Love, "Envy" whispered to "Madness ": "You only need to find Love, and Love is hiding in the rose bush." "Madness" Jumped on the rose b! ush and he heard loud cry . The thorns in the bush had pierced "Loves" eyes. Hearing the commotion God came into the rrom and saw what had happened. He got very angry and cursed "Madness" and said since "Love" has become blind becos of u ...u shall always be with him" And so i! t came about that from that day on, Love is blind and is always accompanied by Madness.

Confusing words

Choose the correct "confusing" word from the pair to complete the sentence.

1-The --audience(audience / spectators) applauded enthusiastically after the performance was finished.

2-I haven't seen him --for(since / for) over five years.

3- --Besides(Besides / Beside) the fact that it was difficult, the exam also included questions that we had never studied before.

4-I told my boss that I wanted a big --raise(rise / raise).

5-The article's --headline(title / headline) read "Politician Wants Answers".

6-His opinion had no --effect(effect / affect) on my decision.

7-He --lay(lay / lie) down for a short nap.

8-Could you give me the --recipe(receipt / recipe) for that wonderful dessert?

9-They --inspected(controlled / inspected) his passport on entering the country.

10-Please finish your work --by(by / until) five o'clock.

11-He was cooking dinner --during(while / during) the football match.

12-Could you go the store and get me some --stationery(stationary / stationery)?

13-I need to --sew(sow / sew) a new button onto my shirt.

14-You will find the book --beside(beside / besides) the lamp on the table.

15-You can choose from --among(between / among) four prizes!

16-It's so hot! I need to find some --shade(shadow / shade).

17- --Despite(Although / Despite) his having studied French, he found the course very difficult.

18-The movie was --so(such / so) boring he fell asleep!

19-Try to use your --imagination(phantasy / imagination) when answering this question.

20-I --wondered(wandered / wondered) about how my friend was doing in Rotterdam.

21-He should be arriving --shortly(briefly / shortly).

22-They went to a basketball --game(play / game) on Saturday night.

23-Unfortunately, unemployment is on the --rise(rise / raise) again.

24-I wasn't able to do any work because of the --continuous(continual / continuous) interruptions.

25-You can't wear those trousers! There are --crinkled(creased / crinkled).
26-Did Henry Ford --invent(invent / discover) the car?

27-The car needs to have its --brakes(breaks / brakes) repaired.

28- --As far as(As long as / As far as) I'm concerned, you can come along.

29- --Although(Despite / Although) he was reluctant to help, he finally lent a helping hand.

30- The --principal(principle / principal) of the school welcomed the new students to classes.


31-Olympia is the --capital(capital, capitol) of Washington State.

32-That painting by Picasso is --priceless(worthless / priceless).

33-Have you decided --whether(weather / whether) you would like to come?

34-You shouldn't leave litter --lying(laying /lying) on the ground.

35-I spent my evening --watching(looking at / watching) television.

36-The political situation is --currently(actually / currently) very unstable.

37-Art --criticism(objection / criticism) is a very subjective matter.

38-The car tried to --overtake(overcome / overtake) the bus on the freeway.

39-You will just have to --accept(except / accept) his decision.

40-Could you wait a moment? I would like stop --to telephone(to telephone / telephoning) my mother.

41-Could you give me some --advice(advice / advise) on this problem?

42-Please --remind(remember / remind) me to pick up some bread at the market.

43-John --lent(borrowed / lent) me $50 until next Monday.

44-He --told(said / told) us about his trip to Chicago.

45-His help with the contract was --invaluable(invaluable / valueless).

46-He is a very --sensitive(sensible / sensitive) person. He always has time to listen to people's problems.

47-Jack went to the library to --borrow(lend / borrow) the latest Stephen King novel.

48-Mary --assured(assured / ensured) us we had made a good decision.

49-He --laid(laid / lay) the book on the table.

50-Unfortunately, he made quite a serious --mistake(fault / mistake) while working on the plumbing.

Personality Factor 4:

Answer the questions quickly and without reflection; give your immediate reaction to the question. If your answer is yes, simply write a Y on your paper. If the answer is no, write an N. If you are in doubt or hesitant, write a ?

1) Do you prefer your life to be full of changes?

2) Are you an ambitious person?

3) “Politicians are generally sincere and do their best for the country.” Do you think this is so?

4) When doing things, do you choose to hide from others the motives behind them?

5) Rather than dream of success, do you work hard to achieve it?

6) Would you rather be alive and a coward than dead and a hero?

7) Would you be more upset by the loss of material things than be hearing of a friends illness?

8) Do you get your way without regard for other people’s feelings?

9) Do you feel vengeful is a person hurts you?

10) Do you worry about work while on holiday?

11) Do you compare your performance with that of other colleagues?

12) When you get into a heated discussion, do you find it difficult to calm down and stop?

13) Are romantic stories among your reading material?

14) Do you take short-cuts in order to work fast?

15) Do you set your goals too low because you are afraid of failure?

16) If given the chance, would you like to witness an execution?

17) Are you cool-minded in dealing with people?

18) Do you prepare thoroughly for tests?

19) Do you sometimes tell white lies?

20) Do you enjoy dancing?

21) If somebody sat in front of you and obstructed your view with a hat, would you ask them to remove it?

22) Would you enjoy travelling at 150mph in a racing car?

23) Did you prefer English literature to science at school?

24) Do you think that most politicians are dishonest?

25) Do you hold stronger opinions than most people?

26) Do you flatter people so that you can improve your status in life?

27) Did you always do as you were told when you were young?

28) Did you enjoy playing with guns as a child?

29) Would you rather be a dentist than a dress designer?

30) Do you place achievement among the most important things in life?

31) Do you work hard to get ahead?

32) Do you stand on an escalator rather than walk on it?

33) Would you feel it best not to respond if a person is rude to you?

34) Do you prefer climates of even temperature?

35) Would you ask someone to stop smoking in your presence?

36) Do you like watching aggressive sports on television>

37) Is love more important than success?

38) If you were standing in a queue, would you react if a person went to the front out of turn?

39) Have you ever felt the urge to kill someone?

40) If you were on a committee, would you be in charge?

41) If you disapproved of a friend’s behaviour, would you make them aware of your feelings?

42) Would you take any drugs that cause hallucinations?

43) Do you try new innovations rather than stick to tested methods?

44) Do you get so angry with people that you shout at them?

45) Do you make a creative contribution to society?

46) Do you enjoy what you do at work?

47) DO you see the world in grey rather than black and white?

48) Do you hesitate to ask strangers questions?

49) Do you crave excitement?

50) Do you believe that there are better reasons for marriage than love?

51) Would you travel to a different part of the world to live?

52) Do you socialise with people who can help you?

53) Would you consider it too dangerous to go mountain climbing?

54) Do you win people over by telling them what they want to hear?

55) Do you prefer not to sit in a conspicuous place in a lecture room?

56) Do you know the difference between right and wrong?

57) Do you prefer ordinary sex?

58) Do you try to shock people?

59) Do you believe in “every man for himself?”

60) Do you agree that “fools and their money are soon parted?”

61) Do you like buying things?

62) Does other people’s ignorance appal you?

63) Do you take care of things today rather than leave them until tomorrow?

64) Would you like to learn to be a pilot?

65) Do you have a burning ambition to be of great importance in the community?

66) Do you watch pornographic videos?

67) Do you dislike foreigners?

68) When reading newspaper reports, do you get annoyed at what some politicians say?

69) DO you advocate force where necessary?

70) Do you draw in children’s drawing books?

71) Do you enjoy physical activity of a rough nature?

72) Do you feel sorry for injured birds?

73) When you are working, can you listen to people at the same time?

74) Are you inclined to be lazy?

75) Have you ever modelled yourself on somebody?

76) Do you take excessive pride in your work?

77) Do you avoid disaster scenes on television?

78) Can you persuade people?

79) Are you a leader in a group of people?

80) Do you give the real reason when asking somebody to do something for you?

81) Do you think that most people are good?

82) Are you a natural organiser?

83) Do you think before you speak?

84) Do you dislike snakes?

85) Do you sometimes have cruel fantasies?

86) Do you believe that people with extreme political views should inflict their opinions on others?

87) Do you believe that all religions are basically the same?

88) Is it essential that you succeed in life?

89) Do you concentrate on one great cause?

90) DO you try to compromise with opponents?

91) Do you get annoyed when people do not admit that they are wrong?

92) Do you always take damaged goods back for exchange?

93) Are you more interested in science than personal relationships?

94) Do you like being the centre of attention?

95) Do you fear boredom?

96) Are you aware of the beauty surrounding you?

97) Would you like to be an astronaut?

98) Do you believe that playing is more important than winning?

99) Do you criticise people who are conceited?

100) Would you go to a wife-swapping party?

101) Are you often furious with other people?

102) Are you drawn to unfortunate people?

103) Do you horse around at the swimming pool?

104) Are you scared of the dark?

105) Do you stare your opinions with vehemence?

106) DO you hurt other people in order to get what you want?

107) Do you thing pacifists are cowards?

108) Do you like spicy food?

109) Are you scared of spiders and worms

110) Do you believe it is always best to be honest?

111) Do you try to understand the other person’s point of view in a conflict?

112) Does it annoy you when experts are proved wrong?

113) Would you like to be a lion hunter?

114) Do you disregard other people’s feelings?

115) Are you often unsure about whom to vote for?

116) Are you easily startled?

117) Would you like to appear on television?

118) Do you like to pick up furry animals?

119) Do you like to take orders?

120) Does your intuition tell you whether a person is trustworthy?

121) Are you easily bored?

122) Do you argue when you know you are wrong?

123) Would you help somebody in need?

124) Do you like practical jokes?

125) Are you satisfied with your salary?

126) Are you slow to trust people?

127) Are you scared of people in authority?

128) Are you emotional when watching a film?

129) Do you prefer Mozart to Wagner?

130) Do you obey signs?

131) Do you think about falling in love?

132) Do you believe that we can learn from other cultures?

133) Do you find it hard to say no to a salesman?

134) Do you get excited when talking about work?

135) Can you make up excuses easily?

136) Do you like a peaceful life?

137) Do you take risks?

138) Do you break dishes when annoyed?

139) Are you jealous of other people’s success?

140) Do you engage in political protest?

141) Do you read science fiction?

142) Do you blame someone else when things go wrong?

143) Do you stay in the background at parties?

144) Do you try to convert others to your religion?

145) Does your work keep you awake at night because you find it so interesting?

146) Does the sight of blood make you feel queasy?

147) Do you scold people who offend you?

148) Do you mix with people who are unpredictable and nonconformist?

149) Do you avoid thrilling rides at the fair?

150) Would you fight for your rights rather than give them up without a struggle?

151) Do you always tell the truth?

152) Do you stop yourself from being lazy?

153) Are you too amenable at work?

154) Do your frequently grind your teeth?

155) Do you sometimes question your own actions?

156) If you are right, do you argue?

157) Does your sympathy lie with the underdog?

158) Do you cry sometimes?

159) Are you regarded as too good-natured?

160) Do you like violent scenes in the cinema or on television?

161) Do you like strong debates?

162) Did you avoid fighting when you were young?

163) Are you a relentless worker?

164) Are you sarcastic?

165) Do you like shooting galleries?

166) Do you relax on holiday and forget about work?

167) Do you enjoy horror films?

168) In an argument, are you firm and forthright?

169) Are you mechanically minded?

170) Do you often change your mind?

171) Do you dislike vulgar jokes?

172) Are you patient?

173) Do you get closely involved with people?

174) Are you mild tempered?

175) Would it be beneficial if we all shared the same ideas and opinions?

176) Do you like war stories?

177) Do you sometimes go through the whole day without achieving anything?

178) Do you watch fight scenes on television?

179) Are you good at bluffing?

180) Are you forgiving to people who have wronged you?

181) Do you always stick to your decision?

182) Are you happy with your government?

183) Do you wish to “better yourself”?

184) Do you believe that a good teacher is one who makes you think, rather than one who only teaches?

185) Do you enjoy watching rough sports?

186) Is your way of tackling problems better than other peoples?

187) Do you complain to the management if the service is bad in a restaurant?

188) Do you pay attention to other people’s viewpoints?

189) Do you like autobiographies?

190) Do you put your interests first?

191) Would you hesitate before shooting a burglar?

192) Do you make friends with people because they can help you?

193) Do you believe there is some truth in everybody’s views?

194) Do you like bustle around you?

195) Do you wish you were more sensitive?

196) Are you sometimes rather irritable?

197) Do you like quiet paintings rather than vivid paintings?

198) Do you lose your temper less often than the average person?>

199) Do you agree rather than argue?

200) When you are angry, do you stamp your feet?

201) Do underwater sports interest you?

202) Do you repeat yourself?

203) Do you enjoy helping other people?

204) Would you like to try skydiving?

205) Are you belligerent?

206) Would you take part in an orgy?

207) Do you socialise with people of other religions?

208) Do you stand up for yourself?

209) Do you sing in a choir?

210) Do you tend to get pushed around?

Now count you’re score by noting the total number of A’s and B’s you have.

A___
B___

A worm fuzzy tale :

The Warm Fuzzy Tale

By Claude Steiner

Once upon a time, a long time ago there lived two very happy people called Tim and Maggi with their two children, John and Lucy.

To understand how happy they were you have to understand how things were in those days. You see, in those happy days everyone was given, at birth, a small soft Fuzzy Bag. Anytime a person reached into this bag he was able to pull out a Warm Fuzzy.

Warm Fuzzies were very much in demand because whenever somebody was given a Warm Fuzzy it made him feel warm and fuzzy all over. People who didn't get Warm Fuzzies regularly were in danger of developing a sickness in their backs which caused them to shrivel up and die.

In those days it was very easy to get Warm Fuzzies. Anytime that somebody felt like it, he might walk up to you and say, "I'd like to have a Warm Fuzzy." You would then reach into your bag and pull out a Fuzzy the size of a little girl's hand.

As soon as the Fuzzy saw the light of day it would smile and blossom into a large shaggy Warm Fuzzy. You then would lay it on the person's shoulder or head or lap and it would snuggle up and melt right against their skin and make them feel good all over.

People were always asking each other for Warm Fuzzies, and since they were always given freely, getting enough of them was never a problem.

There were always plenty to go around, and as a consequence everyone was happy and felt warm and fuzzy most of the time.

One day a bad witch became angry because everyone was so happy and no one was buying potions and salves.

The witch was very clever and devised a very wicked plan.

One beautiful morning the witch crept up to Tim while Maggi was playing with their daughter and whispered in his ear, "See here, Tim, look at all the Fuzzies that Maggi is giving to Lucy. You know, if she keeps it up, eventually she is going to run out and then there won't be any left for you."

Tim was astonished. He turned to the witch and said, "Do you mean to tell me that there isn't a Warm Fuzzy in our bag every time we reach into it?" And the witch said, "No, absolutely not, and once you run out, that's it. You don't have any more." With this, the witch flew away, laughing and cackling.

Tim took this to heart and began to notice every time Maggi gave up a Warm Fuzzy to somebody else. Eventually he got very worried and upset because he liked Maggi's Warm Fuzzies very much and did not want to give them up. He certainly did not think it was right for Maggi to be spending all her Warm Fuzzies on the children and on other people.

He began to complain every time he saw Maggi giving a Warm Fuzzy to somebody else, and because Maggi liked him very much, she stopped giving Warm Fuzzies to other people as often and reserved them for him.

The children watched this and soon began to get the idea that it was wrong to give up Warm Fuzzies any time you were asked or felt like it.

They too became very careful. They would watch their parents closely, and whenever they felt that one of their parents was giving too many Fuzzies to others, they also began to object. They began to feel worried whenever they gave away too many Warm Fuzzies.

Even though they found a Warm Fuzzy every time they reached into their bag, they reached in less and less and became more and more stingy. Soon people began to notice the lack of Warm Fuzzies, and they began to feel less warm and less fuzzy. They began to shrivel up, and, occasionally, people would die from lack of Warm Fuzzies.

More and more people went to the witch to buy potions and salves even though they didn't seem to work.

Well, the situation was getting very serious indeed. The bad witch didn't really want the people to die (since dead people couldn't buy salves and potions) so a new plan was devised.

Everyone was given a bag that was very similar to the Fuzzy Bag except that this one was cold while the Fuzzy Bag was warm. Inside of the witch's bag were Cold Pricklies. These Cold Pricklies did not make people feel warm and fuzzy, but made them feel cold and prickly instead.

But they did prevent people's bag's from shriveling up. So, from then on, every time somebody said, "I want a Warm Fuzzy," people who were worried about depleting their supply would say, "I can't give you a Warm Fuzzy, but would you like a Cold Prickly?"

Sometimes, two people would walk up to each other, thinking they could get a Warm Fuzzy, but one or the other of them would change his mind and they would wind up giving each other Cold Pricklies. So while very few people were dying, a lot of people were still unhappy and feeling very Cold and Prickly.

The situation got very complicated. Warm Fuzzies, which used to be thought of as free as air, became extremely valuable. This caused people to do all sorts of things in order to obtain them.

Before the witch had appeared, people used to gather in groups of three or four or five, never caring too much who was giving Warm Fuzzies to whom. After the coming of the witch, people began to pair off to reserve all their Warm Fuzzies for each other exclusively. People who forgot themselves and gave a Fuzzy to someone else would feel guilty because they knew that their partner would probably resent the loss. People who could not find a generous partner had to buy their Fuzzies and they worked long hours to earn the money.

Another thing which happened was that some people would take Cold Pricklies.....which were limitless and freely available..... coat them white and fluffy, and pass them on as Warm Fuzzies.

These counterfeit Warm Fuzzies were really Plastic Fuzzies, and they caused additional difficulties. For instance, two people would get together and freely exchange Plastic Fuzzies, which presumably should have made them feel good, but they came away feeling bad instead. Since they thought they had been exchanging Warm Fuzzies, people grew very confused about this, never realizing that their cold, prickly feelings were really the result of the fact that they had been given a lot of Plastic Fuzzies.

So the situation was very, very dismal, and it all started because of the coming of the witch who made people believe that some day, when least expected, they might reach into their Warm Fuzzy Bag and find no more.

Not long ago, a lovely, strong woman with big hips and a happy smile came to this unhappy land. She seemed not to have heard about the witch and was not worried about running out of Warm Fuzzies. She gave them out freely, even when not asked. People called her the Hip Woman and some disapproved of her because she was giving the children the idea that they should not worry about running out of Warm Fuzzies.

The children liked her very much because they felt good around her. They, too, began to give out Warm Fuzzies whenever they felt like it.

The grownups became concerned and decided to pass a law to protect the children from using up their supplies of Warm Fuzzies. The law made it a criminal offense to give out Warm Fuzzies in a reckless manner, without a license.

Many children, however, seemed not to know or care, and in spite of the law they continued to give each other Warm Fuzzies whenever they felt like it and always when asked.

Because there were many many children...almost as many as grownups...it began to look as if maybe the children would have their way.

As of now it is hard to say what will happen. Will the forces of law and order stop the children? Are the grownups going to join with the Hip Woman and the children in taking a chance that there will always be as many Warm Fuzzies as needed?

Will Tim and Maggi, recalling the days when they were so happy and when Warm Fuzzies were unlimited, begin to give away Warm Fuzzies freely again?

The struggle spread all over the land and is probably going on right where you live. If you want to, and I hope you do, you can join by freely giving and asking for Warm Fuzzies and by being as loving and healthy as you can.

Idioms & Sentences:

1- Shall we reveal the secret to them? Are they trustworthy?
2- Do you believe the newspapers could be entirely reliable?
3- Please be truthful. Do you like the new house/
4- It can’t be a truthful answer.
5- She’s very sincere, so if she says she likes you, you can be sure she does .
6- There was a misunderstanding. please send my sincere apologies to your manager.
7- She is making a genuine effort to be more friendly.
8- He’s very open about his private life. he’s got n secrets.
9- He made a frank admission of guilt.
10- I expect a direct answer from you. do you or do you not know this man ?
11- Don’t be put off by her blunt manner . she’s actually quite nice .
12- If I spoke my mind , he’d only get upset.
13- He accused George of being dishonest.
14- Don’t you think you’re being rather deceitful by not mentioning that you spent two years in prison?
15- I don’t know how he manages to earn so much money, but you can be sure it involves something crooked.
16- He’s completely untrustworthy. In fact anything you tell him he’s likely to use against you .
17- I don’t know why they bother to print these bus timetables. they are completely unreliable.
18- She was so obviously being insincere when she said liked your paintings.
19- She’s so two faced. One minute she is your best friend, and the next minute she even doesn’t want to know you.
20- He was prepared to use any means , no matter how devious, to secure the contract.
21- He was very cunning . he flattered me so that I wouldn’t be able to refuse him the favor he wanted.
22- He may look honest, but appearances are often deceptive .
23- Pretending to be ill was just a trick to get the day off work.
24- The only way she’s going to pass her exams now is by cheating.
25- He cheated her out of her saving by pretending he worked for an investment company.
26- Don’t let him keep the score! He’s a cheat.
27- It’s a rather misleading advertisement, as it’s not a real offer.
28- She fooled me into trusting her. How could I have been so stupid?
29- They conned us out of $100.
30- Don’t send them any money before you receive the goods . the whole thing might be a con.
31- It’s so obvious that most of the cafes here are just trying to rip off the tourists.
32- What a rip off ! a hamburger here is double the price of one anywhere else.
33- She feels she’s been done out of the job that should have been hers, because they preferred to appoint a man .
34- Their story sounded so convincing that we are all taken in .
35- I can’t believe I fell for such a ridiculous hard luck story.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
reveal verb [T]
1 to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret:
He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians.
[+ that] Her biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.
[+ question word] He would not reveal where he had hidden her chocolate eggs.
[+ that] It was revealed in this morning's papers that the couple intend to marry.
revealed a confidence
She revealed her sexual history to him because she thought it was important.

2 to allow something to be seen that, until then, had been hidden:
A gap in the clouds revealed the Atlantic far below.
His shirt came up at the back, revealing an expanse of white skin.
X-rays revealed that my ribs had been cracked but not broken.
Definition: disclose, tell; show, uncover
Antonyms: conceal, cover, hide, suppress
trustworthy adjective
able to be trusted
Not even a newspaper always gives trustworthy information
Synonym: trusty
Antonym: untrustworthy
reliable adjective
Something or someone that is reliable can be trusted or believed because they work or behave well in the way you expect:
Is your watch reliable?
reliable information
Gideon is very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it.
My car is old but it's reliable.
a reliable car
reliable information
Andy's very reliable - if he says he'll do something, he'll do it.
SYNONYMS reliable, dependable, responsible, trustworthy, trusty. These adjectives mean worthy of reliance or trust: a reliable source of information; a dependable worker; a responsible babysitter; a trustworthy report; a trusty alarm.
Definition: trustworthy
Antonyms: deceptive, irresponsible, unreliable, untrustworthy
truthful adjective
honest and not containing or telling any lies:
The public has a right to expect truthful answers from politicians.
Are you being quite truthful with me?
Are you being completely truthful?
a truthful answer
Definition: accurate, honest
Antonyms: dishonest, hypocritical, inaccurate, lying, untruthful
1. sincere adjective
(of a person, feelings or behaviour) not pretending or lying; honest:
a sincere apology
He seems so sincere.
sincere modesty/belief/statement
More than sincere words of support, we need action.
NOTE: The opposite is insincere.

sincere adjective
1 honest and saying or showing what you really feel or believe
He seems to be sincere.
Opposite insincere

2 sincere apologies/thanks, etc FORMAL used to add emphasis when you are expressing a feeling
The family wishes to express their sincere thanks to all the staff at the hospital.

The adjective sincere has 2 meanings:
Meaning #1: open and genuine; not deceitful
Antonym: insincere (meaning #1)
Meaning #2: characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions
Synonyms: earnest, in earnest, solemn
genuine adjective
1 SINCERE If a person or their feelings are genuine, they are sincere and honest.
He shows a genuine concern for the welfare of his students.
She's very genuine and friendly.
He's a very genuine person.
Machiko looked at me in genuine surprise - "Are you really going?" she said.
She showed genuine (= sincere) sorrow at the news.
2 REAL If something is genuine, it is really what it seems to be.
a genuine gold necklace
genuine leather
If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions.
genuine leather
a genuine masterpiece

Definition: authentic, real
Antonyms: bogus, counterfeit, fake, false, illegitimate, sham, unreal

Definition: unaffected; honest
Antonyms: affected, deceiving, deceptive, dishonest, insincere, misleading
The adjective genuine has 3 meanings:
Meaning #1: not fake or counterfeit
Synonym: echt
Antonym: counterfeit (meaning #1)
Meaning #2: not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed
Synonyms: true, unfeigned
Meaning #3: being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something
Synonyms: actual, literal, real
open (NOT SECRET) adjective
1 not secret:
There has been open hostility between them ever since they had that argument last summer.

2 honest and not secretive: An open person is honest and does not hide their feelings.
He's quite open about his weaknesses.
I wish you'd be more open with me, and tell me what you're feeling.
She has an honest, open face.
He's very open and friendly.
frank (HONEST) adjective
honest, sincere and truthful, even when this might be awkward or make other people uncomfortable:
a full and frank discussion
There followed a frank exchange of views.
The magazine, which gives frank advice about sex and romance, is aimed at the teenage market.
To be perfectly frank with you, I don't think she's the woman for the job.
To be perfectly frank, I don't think you are as well qualified as some of the other candidates.

frank (PRINT) verb [T]
to print a mark on a stamp so that the stamp cannot be used again, or to print a mark on an envelope to show that the cost of sending it has been paid frank

frankfurter, short form franknoun [C]
a long, tube-shaped, cooked sausage (= meat cut into very small pieces), usually eaten after being put in a long bread loaf that has been cut lengthwise; hot dog
I'll have a frankfurter with mustard and sauerkraut.
frank adjective
speaking honestly and saying what you really think
a full and frank discussion
To be frank, I don't really want to see him.
made several frank remarks about the quality of their work.
frank enjoyment.
SYNONYMS frank, candid, outspoken, straightforward, open. These adjectives mean revealing or disposed to reveal one's thoughts freely and honestly. Frank implies forthrightness, sometimes to the point of bluntness: “Be calm and frank, and confess at once all that weighs on your heart” (Emily Brontë). Candid often suggests refusal to evade difficult or unpleasant issues: “Save, save, oh save me from the candid friend!” (George Canning). Outspoken usually implies bold lack of reserve: The outspoken activist protested the budget cuts. Straightforward denotes directness of manner and expression: “George was a straightforward soul....‘See here!’ he said. ‘Are you engaged to anybody?’” (Booth Tarkington). Open suggests freedom from all trace of reserve or secretiveness: “I will be open and sincere with you” (Joseph Addison).
Manifesting honesty and directness, especially in speech: candid, direct, downright, forthright, honest, ingenuous, man-to-man, open, plainspoken, straight, straightforward, straight-out, unreserved. Informal straight-from-the-shoulder, straight-shooting. See clear/unclear, show/hide.
Definition: completely honest
Antonyms: devious, dishonest, evasive, insincere, secretive

The adjective frank has 2 meanings:
Meaning #1: characterized by disconcerting directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion
Synonyms: blunt, candid, forthright, free-spoken, outspoken, plainspoken, point-blank
Meaning #2: clearly manifest; evident